Examination of the Relationships between Urban Form and Urban Public Services Expenditure in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypothesis Development
3. Methodology
3.1. Urban Public Services Expenditure
3.2. Urban Form
3.3. Panel Data Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Results
4.2. Discussions
5. Conclusions and Suggestions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Function Classification of Public Expenditure | Specific Categories |
---|---|
Expenditure on general public services | Transfer payment between governments |
Defense | |
Public order and safety | |
Expenditure on economic affairs | Agriculture, forestry, fishery, and hunting |
Fuel and energy | |
Mining, manufacturing, and construction | |
Transportation | |
Communication | |
Expenditure on people’s livelihood | Environmental protection |
Housing and community amenities | |
Health | |
Recreation, culture, and religion | |
Education | |
Social protection |
Type | Description |
---|---|
General public services | Used to guarantee normal running of organs and institutions, including expenditure for 32 affairs, such as the National People’s Congress (NPC), and land resources. |
Public safety | Sum of preservation of social safety, including expenditure on armed police, national security, law court, etc. |
Education | Expenditure on educational management, general education, vocational education, etc. |
Science and technology | Expenditure on fundamental research, application research, technology research and development, etc. |
Culture, sport, and the media | Expenditure related to culture, cultural relic, sport, radio, film and television, the press and publishing, etc. |
Social security and employment effort | Expenditure on social security and employment management affairs, civil administration, employment subsidies, social welfare, etc. |
Medical and health care | Expenditure on medical and health care management affairs, medical service, community health service, etc. |
Environmental protection | Expenditure on environmental protection management affairs, Environmental monitoring and supervision, pollution prevention, etc. |
Urban and rural community affairs | Expenditure on urban and rural community affairs management, communal facilities, community housing, etc. |
Variables | Expected Effect | Description |
---|---|---|
Unemployment rate | + | The number of unemployed/Labor force |
Urban land | + | Total number of square meters of land area within entire city according to administrative unit |
Degree of industrialization | + | Secondary industrial production/Gross domestic product |
Income per capita | + | Total amount of wages of employees/Total population |
Educational level | + | Total number of students enrolled at regular institutions of higher education/Total population |
Government size | + | Total number of employees working in government agencies/Total population |
Urban population | + | Total population in city-wide area according to administrative unit |
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita | + | Total number of GDP/Total population |
Variables | Mean | Maximum | Minimum | Standard Deviation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unemployment (%) | 2007 | 3.15 | 6.50 | 1.80 | 0.97 |
2010 | 3.19 | 4.20 | 1.30 | 0.77 | |
2013 | 2.93 | 4.00 | 1.20 | 0.80 | |
Urban land (square kilometers) | 2007 | 15,227.43 | 820 | 2305 | 15,493.70 |
2010 | 15,227.43 | 820 | 2305 | 15,493.70 | |
2013 | 15,385 | 824 | 2305 | 15,494.00 | |
Degree of industrialization (%) | 2007 | 45.35 | 57.27 | 26.83 | 7.10 |
2010 | 45.05 | 56.17 | 24.00 | 8.00 | |
2013 | 44.37 | 55.96 | 22.32 | 8.89 | |
Income per capita (yuan/person) | 2007 | 27,891.14 | 49,311.11 | 19,991.83 | 7259.35 |
2010 | 40,786.25 | 71,875.36 | 31,128.48 | 10,606.22 | |
2013 | 56,380.37 | 93,996.77 | 43,653.04 | 12,154.55 | |
GDP per capita (yuan/person) | 2007 | 34,088.63 | 71,808 | 14,660 | 14,892.95 |
2010 | 50,345.47 | 103,625 | 25,622 | 18,625.16 | |
2013 | 84,162.53 | 185,338 | 37,691 | 37,939.88 | |
Educational level (%) | 2007 | 5.70 | 11.02 | 1.28 | 2.47 |
2010 | 6.54 | 12.55 | 1.71 | 2.74 | |
2013 | 7.32 | 12.61 | 2.11 | 3.05 | |
Government size (%) | 2007 | 1.22 | 2.22 | 0.58 | 0.39 |
2010 | 1.23 | 2.37 | 0.63 | 0.37 | |
2013 | 1.36 | 3.10 | 0.74 | 0.59 | |
Total population (1000 people) | 2007 | 723.57 | 3235.32 | 148.79 | 568.32 |
2010 | 750.24 | 3303.45 | 158.80 | 582.06 | |
2013 | 770.21 | 3358.40 | 163.20 | 588.29 |
Category | Cities |
---|---|
Per capita total expenditure (2007) (yuan) | |
1000–5000 | Shijiazhuang; Taiyuan; Hohhot; Shenyang; Changchun; Harbin; Nanjing; Hangzhou; Hefei; Fuzhou; Nanchang; Jinan; Zhengzhou; Wuhan; Changsha; Nanning; Haikou; Chongqing; Chengdu; Guiyang; Kunming; Xian; Lanzhou; Xining; Yinchuan; Urumqi |
5001–10,000 | Tianjin; Guangzhou |
10,001–25,000 | Beijing; Shanghai |
Per capita total expenditure (2010) (yuan) | |
1000–5000 | Shijiazhuang; Taiyuan; Changchun; Harbin; Hefei; Fuzhou; Nanchang; Jinan; Zhengzhou; Wuhan; Changsha; Nanning; Haikou; Chongqing; Chengdu; Guiyang; Kunming; Xian; Lanzhou; Xining; Urumqi |
5001–10,000 | Hohhot; Shenyang; Nanjing; Hangzhou; Guangzhou; Yinchuan |
10,001–25,000 | Beijing; Tianjin; Shanghai |
Per capita total expenditure (2013) (yuan) | |
1000–5000 | Shijiazhuang; Nanning; Harbin |
5001–10,000 | Taiyuan; Hohhot; Shenyang; Changchun; Hangzhou; Hefei; Fuzhou; Nanchang; Jinan; Zhengzhou; Wuhan; Changsha; Haikou; Chongqing; Chengdu; Guiyang; Kunming; Xian; Lanzhou; Xining; Yinchuan |
10,001–25,000 | Beijing; Tianjin; Shanghai; Nanjing; Guangzhou; Urumqi |
Category | Cities |
---|---|
Compactness ratio (2007) | |
0.00–0.15 | Beijing; Tianjin; Shijiazhuang; Changchun; Harbin; Wuhan; Guangzhou; Chongqing; Guiyang; Xian; Lanzhou; Urumqi |
0.16–0.30 | Shenyang; Shanghai; Hangzhou; Hefei; Fuzhou; Nanchang; Jinan; Nanjing; Hohhot; Zhengzhou; Nanning; Haikou; Chengdu; Xining; Yinchuan |
0.31–0.40 | Taiyuan; Changsha; Kunming |
Compactness ratio (2010) | |
0.00–0.15 | Tianjin; Shijiazhuang; Changchun; Harbin; Wuhan; Guangzhou; Chongqing; Xian; Lanzhou; Urumqi |
0.16–0.30 | Beijing; Taiyuan; Hohhot; Shenyang; Shanghai; Nanjing; Hangzhou; Fuzhou; Nanchang; Jinan; Zhengzhou; Nanning; Haikou; Chengdu; Guiyang; Kunming; Xining; Yinchuan |
0.31–0.40 | Hefei; Changsha |
Compactness ratio (2013) | |
0.00–0.15 | Beijing; Tianjin; Shijiazhuang; Changchun; Harbin; Nanjing; Wuhan; Lanzhou; Urumqi |
0.16–0.30 | Hohhot; Shenyang; Fuzhou; Nanchang; Jinan; Zhengzhou; Changsha; Guangzhou; Nanning; Chongqing; Chengdu; Guiyang; Xian; Xining |
0.31–0.40 | Taiyuan; Shanghai; Hangzhou; Hefei; Haikou; Kunming; Yinchuan |
Elongation ratio (2007) | |
1.00–1.50 | Beijing; Shenyang; shanghai; Hangzhou; Wuhan; Changsha; Chengdu; Kunming |
1.51–2.50 | Tianjin; Shijiazhuang; Taiyuan; Hohhot; Changchun; Harbin; Nanjing; Hefei; Fuzhou; Nanchang; Guiyang; Zhengzhou; Guangzhou; Nanning; Haikou; Xian; Yinchuan; Urumqi |
2.51–11.00 | Jinan; Chongqing; Lanzhou; Xining |
Elongation ratio (2010) | |
1.00–1.50 | Beijing; Shanghai; Hangzhou; Hefei; Wuhan; Changsha; Chengdu; Kunming |
1.51–2.50 | Tianjin; Taiyuan; Hohhot; Shenyang; Changchun; Harbin; Nanjing; Fuzhou; Nanchang; Guangzhou; Nanning; Haikou; Chongqing; Guiyang; Xian; Yinchuan; Urumqi |
2.51–11.00 | Shijiazhuang; Jinan; Zhengzhou; Lanzhou; Xining |
Elongation ratio (2013) | |
1.00–1.50 | Beijing; Changchun; Shanghai; Hangzhou; Hefei; Wuhan; Changsha; Guangzhou; Kunming; Yinchuan; Urumqi; Chengdu |
1.51–2.50 | Tianjin; Taiyuan; Hohhot; Shenyang; Harbin; Fuzhou; Nanchang; Zhengzhou; Nanning; Haikou; Guiyang; Chongqing; Xian |
2.51–11.00 | Shijiazhuang; Nanjing; Jinan; Lanzhou; Xining |
Statis | d.f. | Chi-sq | d.f. | Prob. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RFE | F | 3.85 | (23,29) | - | - | 0.00 |
Chi-square | 88.20 | 23 | - | - | 0.00 | |
Hausman | Random | - | - | 50.45 | 10 | 0.00 |
BP-LM | P > chibar2 = 0.1558 | - | - | - | - | - |
Total Panel (Unbalanced) Observations: 63 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Coefficient | Std. Error | t-Statistic | Prob. |
Urban compactness | 0.30 | 0.78 | 0.38 | 0.70 |
Urban elongation | 0.25 ** | 0.09 | 2.72 | 0.01 |
Educational level | 0.17 ** | 0.04 | 4.32 | 0.00 |
GDP per capita | 1.86 × 10−6 | 1.95 × 10−6 | 0.95 | 0.35 |
Income per capita | 2.18 × 10−5 ** | 4.87 × 10−6 | 4.48 | 0.00 |
Degree of industrialization | 0.03 ** | 0.01 | 2.44 | 0.02 |
Urban land | 3.28 × 10−5 | 5.82 × 10−5 | 0.56 | 0.58 |
Government size | 0.44 ** | 0.18 | 2.44 | 0.02 |
Unemployment rate | 0.12 | 0.06 | 1.98 | 0.06 |
Urban population | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.40 | 0.69 |
C | 2.83 ** | 1.16 | 2.44 | 0.02 |
Effects Specification | ||||
Cross-section fixed (dummy variables) | ||||
R-squared | 0.98 | Mean dependent variance | 8.47 | |
Adjusted R-squared | 0.95 | S.D. dependent variance | 0.68 | |
S.E. of regression | 0.14 | Akaike information criterion | −0.73 | |
Sum squared residual | 0.60 | Schwarz criterion | 0.43 | |
Log likelihood | 57.04 | Hannan-Quinn criterion. | −0.28 | |
F-statistic | 40.33 | Durbin-Watson statistic | 2.63 | |
Prob (F-statistic) | 0 |
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Bo, C.; Xu, H.; Liu, Y. Examination of the Relationships between Urban Form and Urban Public Services Expenditure in China. Adm. Sci. 2017, 7, 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci7040039
Bo C, Xu H, Liu Y. Examination of the Relationships between Urban Form and Urban Public Services Expenditure in China. Administrative Sciences. 2017; 7(4):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci7040039
Chicago/Turabian StyleBo, Chunming, Hengzhou Xu, and Yong Liu. 2017. "Examination of the Relationships between Urban Form and Urban Public Services Expenditure in China" Administrative Sciences 7, no. 4: 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci7040039
APA StyleBo, C., Xu, H., & Liu, Y. (2017). Examination of the Relationships between Urban Form and Urban Public Services Expenditure in China. Administrative Sciences, 7(4), 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci7040039