Journal Description
Behavioral Sciences
Behavioral Sciences
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on psychology, neuroscience, cognitive science, behavioral biology and behavioral genetics, published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SSCI (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Embase, PsycInfo, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Psychology, Multidisciplinary) / CiteScore - Q1 (Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 32 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2025).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journal: International Journal of Cognitive Sciences
- Journal Cluster of Education and Psychology: Adolescents, AI in Education, Behavioral Sciences, Education Sciences, International Journal of Cognitive Sciences, Journal of Intelligence, Psychology International and Youth.
Impact Factor:
3.2 (2025);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.3 (2025)
Latest Articles
Emotions Meet Reflexivity in Workplace Training: A Person-Centered Approach to Understanding Transfer of Learning
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(7), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16071048 (registering DOI) - 23 Jun 2026
Abstract
This study examines how emotional and reflexive processes jointly relate to transfer of learning in workplace training contexts. Drawing on organizational learning theory, it introduces Reflexivity on Emotions (RoE) as a metacognitive capability through which individuals become aware of, critically examine, and respond
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This study examines how emotional and reflexive processes jointly relate to transfer of learning in workplace training contexts. Drawing on organizational learning theory, it introduces Reflexivity on Emotions (RoE) as a metacognitive capability through which individuals become aware of, critically examine, and respond to their emotional experiences. Integrating RoE, reflexivity on practice, positive affect, and negative affect within a person-centered framework, the study applies Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) to data collected from 609 correctional officer cadets enrolled in a six-month training program. The analysis identified four emotional–reflexive profiles (Generative–Reflexive, Balanced–Reflexive, Detached–Unreflexive, and Inhibited–Unreflexive), which showed different levels of transfer of learning. Notably, the Generative–Reflexive profile, characterized by elevated negative affect alongside strong reflexive resources, was associated with the highest levels of transfer, suggesting that negative emotions are not uniformly associated with poorer learning outcomes. More broadly, the findings indicate that transfer of learning is better understood through emotional–reflexive configurations rather than through isolated factors. The study contributes to organizational learning research by extending reflexivity into the emotional domain and by demonstrating the value of person-centered approaches for understanding individual differences in workplace learning. Practical implications for training design and the development of emotionally reflective learning environments are discussed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)
Open AccessArticle
Moral Disengagement Mechanisms in Image-Based Sexual Abuse Against Women: The Role of Age and Gender
by
Jone Martínez-Bacaicoa, Román Ronzón-Tirado, Sophie McBain-Ritchie and Manuel Gámez-Guadix
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(7), 1047; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16071047 (registering DOI) - 23 Jun 2026
Abstract
Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) is an increasingly prevalent problem that disproportionately affects women. Understanding the psychological processes related to this behavior is essential for its prevention. Accordingly, the present study examines the activation of moral disengagement mechanisms in IBSA contexts by considering the
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Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) is an increasingly prevalent problem that disproportionately affects women. Understanding the psychological processes related to this behavior is essential for its prevention. Accordingly, the present study examines the activation of moral disengagement mechanisms in IBSA contexts by considering the role of gender and age across the lifespan. Specifically, by using a vignette-based methodology, this study investigates which moral disengagement mechanisms are activated in scenarios of sextortion and non-consensual intimate image sharing (NCIIS) involving male-perpetrated abuse against women. A sample of 2343 participants (68.2% women) aged 14–74 years (M = 25.86, SD = 9.96, Mo = 19) completed measures which assessed eight mechanisms of moral disengagement. The results indicated that men exhibited higher levels of moral disengagement than women in relation to both sextortion and NCIIS, with younger men reporting the highest levels. Gender differences were more pronounced for NCIIS (ηp2 = 0.085) than for sextortion (ηp2 = 0.043). With regard to age, older participants reported lower overall levels of moral disengagement in both scenarios, although age effects were comparatively small (ηp2 = 0.020–0.026). The minimization of consequences in sextortion was the only mechanism that remained relatively stable across ages. Analyses also revealed significant age × gender interactions, particularly for NCIIS (ηp2 = 0.016), indicating that moral disengagement among women remained at consistently lower levels, whereas initial gender differences between men and women decreased with age. These findings are consistent with prior literature which suggests that both sextortion and NCIIS constitute gendered forms of violence and highlight the importance of targeting young men in prevention and intervention efforts aimed at challenging the justifications underlying these behaviors.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sexual Violence Against Women Across Contexts: Prevention, Education, and Intervention)
Open AccessArticle
What Students Want to Hear After Failure
by
Al Robiullah, Rebecca Gold, Kelsey Collins, Daeun Park and Gerardo Ramirez
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(7), 1046; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16071046 (registering DOI) - 23 Jun 2026
Abstract
Academic setbacks are common in college, yet instructor responses to poor performance vary widely and may shape students’ motivation, emotional reactions, and perceptions of faculty support. Prior work suggests that supportive communication matters, but less is known about which types of messages students
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Academic setbacks are common in college, yet instructor responses to poor performance vary widely and may shape students’ motivation, emotional reactions, and perceptions of faculty support. Prior work suggests that supportive communication matters, but less is known about which types of messages students prefer after academic failure or whether faculty accurately anticipate these preferences. The present research examined how college students and instructors evaluate different instructor responses to a disappointing exam grade and assessed alignment between student preferences and faculty perceptions. Using a mixed-methods design, college instructors and undergraduate students responded to parallel vignette scenarios involving a poor exam outcome and rated brief instructor comments representing three response types: solution-focused, emotional validation, and interpersonal affirmation. Participants also provided open-ended responses describing what they would say to a student or want to hear from an instructor. Across two studies, students rated affirmation as most effective, validation as moderately helpful, and solution-focused responses as least effective, despite perceiving solution-focused comments as most common in actual classrooms. Faculty in our sample rated validation and affirmation as more effective than solution-focused responses but primarily generated strategy-focused advice in their own responses. Faculty correctly anticipated students’ preference for encouragement but rarely offered such messages. These findings point to a gap between what faculty believe students value and what they typically communicate following academic setbacks, suggesting that incorporating brief affirming and emotionally responsive messages may strengthen student–teacher relationships by signaling care, understanding, and support in moments of academic difficulty.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)
Open AccessArticle
Revaluating the Dimensionality of Academic Engagement: A Bifactor Analysis of the UWES in Higher Education
by
Alejandro Vega-Muñoz, Beatriz Sora, Joan Boada-Grau, David Chavez-Herting and Natalia Salas-Guzmán
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(7), 1045; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16071045 (registering DOI) - 23 Jun 2026
Abstract
The factor structure of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) has been debated, with studies alternately supporting unidimensional and three-factor solutions. This inconsistency may reflect a methodological limitation: conventional confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) cannot always separate general from dimension-specific variance, producing similar fit
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The factor structure of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) has been debated, with studies alternately supporting unidimensional and three-factor solutions. This inconsistency may reflect a methodological limitation: conventional confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) cannot always separate general from dimension-specific variance, producing similar fit indices across competing models when a dominant general factor is present. We examined the dimensionality of the UWES-17 and UWES-9 in a sample of 755 Chilean university students, comparing unidimensional, three-factor, second-order, and bifactor models using weighted least squares mean and variance adjusted (WLSMV) estimation appropriate for ordinal data. Bifactor indices, explained common variance (ECV), percent of uncontaminated correlations (PUC), and hierarchical omega (ωh), were computed to evaluate essential unidimensionality. Results indicated that a general engagement factor explained approximately 85% of common item variance in both versions (ECV ≈ 0.85; ωh > 0.90), while specific factors for vigor, dedication, and absorption retained negligible reliable variance, particularly absorption (ωh ≈ 0.00). Measurement invariance by sex was supported for the UWES-9 at the metric level, whereas classical UWES-17 solutions showed instability, including factor collapse and non-convergence of the second-order model. Taken together, findings suggest that the apparent multidimensionality of the UWES may be, at least partly, an artifact of conventional CFA modeling rather than a substantive property of the construct in this student sample. For applied monitoring of student well-being, the UWES-9 total score appears to be the most pragmatic and psychometrically defensible approach for assessing general academic engagement in this Chilean university sample, while institutional well-being monitoring would ideally be further supported by criterion-related, predictive, and sensitivity-to-change evidence.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Well-Being and Coping Strategies in Educational Psychology)
Open AccessArticle
Why Users Rebel Against Algorithms: The Impact of Perceived Algorithmic Power on Fairness Evaluations, Negative Emotions, and Resistance Behaviors
by
Yangyang Shi, Jialu Wang, Jing Chen and Haiqing Bai
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(7), 1044; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16071044 (registering DOI) - 23 Jun 2026
Abstract
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Platform algorithms are widely used to personalize content and organize users’ everyday social media experiences. Yet they may also become objects of resistance when algorithmic recommendations are perceived as intrusive, repetitive, or difficult to escape. Drawing on the critical theory of technology, this
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Platform algorithms are widely used to personalize content and organize users’ everyday social media experiences. Yet they may also become objects of resistance when algorithmic recommendations are perceived as intrusive, repetitive, or difficult to escape. Drawing on the critical theory of technology, this study develops a parallel mediation model to explain why users resist algorithm-driven social media platforms. Focusing on algorithmic power and algorithmic technicality as two perceived characteristics of platform algorithms, the model examines whether these perceptions are associated with algorithmic resistance through fairness evaluations and negative emotions. Based on survey data from users of Chinese algorithm-driven social media platforms, the results show that both algorithmic power and algorithmic technicality are associated with stronger algorithmic resistance through lower fairness evaluations and stronger negative emotions. These findings suggest that algorithmic resistance is not merely a response to inaccurate or opaque recommendations, but also reflects users’ reactions to algorithms experienced as systems of platform control and data-driven inference. By identifying fairness evaluations and negative emotions as parallel cognitive and affective pathways, this study shifts attention from algorithmic acceptance to algorithmic resistance and provides a more critical understanding of user agency in human–algorithm relations.
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Open AccessArticle
Adolescents’ Responses to Peer Disclosure of Teen Dating Violence: Relationship Configuration, Response Intentions, and Protective Adult Support
by
Francesco Sulla, Andreana Lavanga, Margherita Santamato, Nunzia Merafina, Salvatore Adam Leone, Giulia Fiorentino and Anna Sorrentino
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(7), 1043; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16071043 (registering DOI) - 23 Jun 2026
Abstract
Teen dating violence (TDV) is a relevant form of adolescent interpersonal violence, yet little is known about how adolescents intend to respond when a peer discloses victimization and whether these responses facilitate access to supportive adults and other protective resources. This study examined
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Teen dating violence (TDV) is a relevant form of adolescent interpersonal violence, yet little is known about how adolescents intend to respond when a peer discloses victimization and whether these responses facilitate access to supportive adults and other protective resources. This study examined adolescents’ intended responses following peer disclosure of TDV using a vignette-based design that extended prior work by including four relationship configurations: heterosexual male perpetrator/female victim, heterosexual female perpetrator/male victim, male same-sex couple, and female same-sex couple. Participants were 655 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years from secondary schools in Southern Italy. Descriptive findings showed that supportive and relational responses were most frequently endorsed, including listening to the friend, helping them decide what to do, reassuring them, and encouraging them to talk to trusted others, whereas institutional responses were endorsed less often. Stratified chi-square analyses indicated that condition effects were selective rather than pervasive and were concentrated mainly in responses involving escalation to adults or authorities. Across subgroups, the heterosexual female-perpetrator/male-victim condition was most consistently associated with lower intervention-oriented responding and/or greater uncertainty, whereas the heterosexual male-perpetrator/female-victim condition more often elicited active intervention. The findings suggest that adolescents’ responses to peer disclosures of violence are shaped not only by prosocial intentions but also by the social recognizability of the violent scenario, with implications for validation, access to supportive adults, and inclusive school-based prevention.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience and Youth Development)
Open AccessArticle
Bridging Offline Experience and Digital Commerce: How Tourism-Derived Information Reduces Uncertainty and Shapes Purchase Intention in Cross-Border E-Commerce
by
Sangyoon Jang, Li Cai, Sukjae Park and Zuankuo Liu
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(7), 1042; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16071042 (registering DOI) - 23 Jun 2026
Abstract
Cross-border e-commerce (CBEC) has emerged as a critical mode of international trade; however, product uncertainty and transaction risk remain persistent barriers to purchase decisions. While digital platforms have developed various solutions, the role of offline experiential knowledge in shaping online purchase behavior remains
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Cross-border e-commerce (CBEC) has emerged as a critical mode of international trade; however, product uncertainty and transaction risk remain persistent barriers to purchase decisions. While digital platforms have developed various solutions, the role of offline experiential knowledge in shaping online purchase behavior remains underexplored. This study examines how tourism-derived information influences purchase intention in CBEC. Drawing on transaction cost theory and uncertainty reduction theory, we propose that tourism-derived information enhances product familiarity and perceived diagnosticity, which subsequently reduce product uncertainty and increase cross-border purchase intention, and further examine the moderating role of transaction uncertainty. A four-week survey in March 2026 collected data from 325 Chinese consumers who had visited Korea and encountered Korean cosmetics and beauty products; data were analyzed using PLS-SEM. Results show that tourism-derived information significantly enhances product familiarity and perceived diagnosticity while directly reducing product uncertainty; reduced product uncertainty, in turn, positively influences purchase intention. Transaction uncertainty strengthens the negative effect of product uncertainty on purchase intention. By reconceptualizing tourism experience as an experience-based informational resource in CBEC and providing a multidimensional perspective on consumer uncertainty, this study contributes to consumer behavior research in digital commerce and offers practical insights for CBEC platform operators and cross-border retailers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Dynamics of Consumer Behavior in Digital Commerce)
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Open AccessArticle
An Eye-Tracking Study on Text Accessibility and Comprehension in University Students
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Sergio Navas-León and Jon Andoni Duñabeitia
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(6), 1041; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16061041 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2026
Abstract
Easy-to-Read (E2R) recommendations aim to improve accessibility, but it remains unclear whether some visual and typographic adaptations may also benefit readers without disabilities. This study examined the effects of different text formats on reading comprehension and visual processing in university students using eye-tracking.
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Easy-to-Read (E2R) recommendations aim to improve accessibility, but it remains unclear whether some visual and typographic adaptations may also benefit readers without disabilities. This study examined the effects of different text formats on reading comprehension and visual processing in university students using eye-tracking. Twenty-four young adults without cognitive disabilities read texts presented in three formats: hard-to-read, control, and Easy-to-Read. Reading comprehension was assessed with multiple-choice questions, and eye movements were recorded during reading. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Text Format significantly affected reading comprehension, with estimated accuracy highest in the E2R format and significantly higher than in the hard-to-read format. The E2R format was also associated with shorter fixation durations and larger saccades than the other formats, suggesting a pattern compatible with a reduced cognitive demand in some eye-movement measures. Fixation count was highest for hard-to-read texts and significantly higher than in the control format, whereas differences involving E2R were not significant. Reading time showed a trend towards significance, with descriptively longer reading times for hard-to-read texts than for the control and E2R formats. These findings suggest that E2R adaptations, originally developed to support populations with cognitive needs, may also facilitate comprehension and reading efficiency in readers without cognitive disabilities.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)
Open AccessArticle
The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Social Support, and Life Satisfaction Among Female College Students: A Variable- and Person-Centered Analysis
by
Yan Liu, Wenying Huang, Wen Zhang and Chang Hu
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(6), 1040; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16061040 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2026
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Life satisfaction (LS) is an important indicator of subjective well-being among college students. However, relatively few studies have integrated variable-centered and person-centered approaches to examine the associations among physical activity (PA), social support (SS), and LS in female college students. This cross-sectional study
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Life satisfaction (LS) is an important indicator of subjective well-being among college students. However, relatively few studies have integrated variable-centered and person-centered approaches to examine the associations among physical activity (PA), social support (SS), and LS in female college students. This cross-sectional study surveyed 2097 female college students from 11 universities in Jiangxi Province, China. PA, SS, and LS were assessed using self-report questionnaires. A mediation model was used to examine whether SS statistically mediated the association between PA and LS after controlling for education level and place of origin. Latent profile analysis was then conducted using six LS items, and the BCH method was used to compare PA and SS across profiles. The results showed that PA was positively associated with SS and LS, and SS was positively associated with LS. The indirect association between PA and LS through SS was statistically significant, suggesting a partial statistical mediation pattern. Latent profile analysis identified three level-based LS profiles: low-, medium-, and high-LS profiles. PA and SS increased progressively across these profiles, with the highest levels in the high-LS profile and the lowest levels in the low-LS profile. These findings suggest that PA, SS, and LS are closely interrelated and that meaningful quantitative heterogeneity exists in LS among female college students. Given the cross-sectional design and convenience sampling, the findings should be interpreted as statistical associations rather than causal effects.
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Open AccessArticle
Shifting the Blame: How Narrative Framing, Coercive Strategies, and Rape Myth Acceptance Distort Perceptions of Sexual Assault and Fuel Victim Blame
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Pantxika Victoire Morlat, Maria Limniou, Isobel Phelps and Laurence Alison
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(6), 1039; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16061039 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2026
Abstract
Previous research has shown that both victim intoxication and narrative framing can influence the levels of victim blame. However, far less attention has been paid to how coercive strategy and narrative framing may interact to shape victim-blaming judgements and perceptions of sexual assault.
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Previous research has shown that both victim intoxication and narrative framing can influence the levels of victim blame. However, far less attention has been paid to how coercive strategy and narrative framing may interact to shape victim-blaming judgements and perceptions of sexual assault. The present study addresses this gap by examining how combinations of coercive strategies (physical force versus alcohol facilitated), narrative framing (active versus passive), and rape myth acceptance (RMA) influence victim blame and the recognition of sexual assault. Participant gender and age were also assessed in relation to RMA and victim-blaming attitudes. A total of 202 participants aged 18–63 (78.7% of women, 21.3% of men, MAge = 28.93, SD = 14.36) completed an online survey evaluating vignettes depicting a male perpetrator sexually assaulting a female victim. Age significantly predicted victim blaming, with older participants assigning greater blame to the victim. Gender predicted both RMA and victim blame, with men reporting higher RMA and greater victim blame than women. Active framing in both the physical force and alcohol-use conditions reduced participants’ recognition of the incident as sexual assault. Participants with lower RMA consistently reported lower victim blame across conditions, and were more likely to identify the incident as sexual assault in the physical force condition. These findings highlight the influence of coercive strategies and the importance of victim-centred language in policing, legal, and media contexts, where narrative framing can meaningfully shape the recognition of sexual assault.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sexual Violence Against Women Across Contexts: Prevention, Education, and Intervention)
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Open AccessReview
An AI Perspective on Counseling Supervision
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Emily A. Brinck, James L. Soldner, Hung Jen Kuo, Scott A. Sabella, Trenton J. Landon, Charles P. Bernacchio and Elizabeth A. Boland
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(6), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16061038 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2026
Abstract
The increased use of technology-assisted distance counseling practices is one result of COVID’s impact on behavioral health, including in counselor education and the delivery of supervision. First, technology-assisted distance supervision needed for “real time” communication grew. Furthermore, there is an emergence of artificial
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The increased use of technology-assisted distance counseling practices is one result of COVID’s impact on behavioral health, including in counselor education and the delivery of supervision. First, technology-assisted distance supervision needed for “real time” communication grew. Furthermore, there is an emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies that have the potential to contribute to aspects of supervision; however, current evidence remains emerging, context-dependent, and at times mixed, warranting cautious interpretation of their effectiveness. The article offers an overview of using AI in clinical supervision, examines the benefits and potential concerns of AI from different perspectives, and considers the significance of using AI in counseling supervision. The role of AI is discussed as applied to counseling supervision including the use of AI tools, such as chatbots and reasoning AI, to detect and track sessions, note behavioral and emotional cues, aid/monitor communication and feedback, while also attending to ethical and legal consideration for its use. The article will report a range of benefits for supervisors and trainees using AI—for example, by enhancing data-driven supervision decisions, analyzing feedback trends, providing more efficient administrative monitoring, flexible/remote support, skill development, and promoting ethical decisions and self-reflection. Special attention is given to the challenges of using AI in supervision, including risks of undervaluing intuition and qualitative insights, potential for algorithms to reinforce systemic biases, risks of replacing human interaction, as well as non-compliance with HIPAA, FERPA, and ethical guidelines in data storage and privacy. The article will discuss privacy concerns, depersonalized feedback, and increased judgment-driven anxiety despite needed empathy when using AI as a tool for clinical supervision. Recommendations will also be offered for effective, ethical integration of AI in counseling supervision.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Mental Health and Counseling Practices)
Open AccessArticle
Symbolic Participation or Substantial Learning Behavior? A PSM-Based Comparison Between Honors and Non-Honors Undergraduates from Two Top Elite Universities in China
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Guoxing Xu, Chunmei Hao, Xinyu Kong, Tingting Gao, Mu Liu, Tingzhi Han, Chongguang Wang and Liangliang Wu
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(6), 1037; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16061037 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2026
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Originating in the US and subsequently diffusing across worldwide, honors education has been increasingly adopted in China. A central question is whether honors participation produces substantive changes in students’ learning or functions as symbolic participation. Drawing on samples of senior-year honors (N =
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Originating in the US and subsequently diffusing across worldwide, honors education has been increasingly adopted in China. A central question is whether honors participation produces substantive changes in students’ learning or functions as symbolic participation. Drawing on samples of senior-year honors (N = 163) and non-honors undergraduates (n = 317) from two top elite universities in China, PSM estimation indicates that honors students do not demonstrate a significant advantage in competence development. However, focusing solely on outcome indicators may obscure the process through which honors education operates. On the one hand, PSM results also showed that honors students were more likely to engage in deep learning behavior. On the other hand, regression revealed that after adding the university as moderator, the significant effect of honors participation disappeared, while the roles of teaching and learning remained consistently stable. Moderated chain mediation analyses further indicated that the association between honors participation and competence development was primarily linked to student-centered teaching practices and deep learning engagement, and that this pathway varied across the two universities. Overall, the findings suggest that the benefits of honors education may derive less from honors affiliation itself and more from the substantive learning experiences fostered within honors contexts. These findings provide empirical support for reforms that place greater emphasis on learning processes and competence development within honors education.
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Open AccessArticle
Literacy Profiles in Twice-Exceptional Preadolescents with Intellectual Giftedness and Dyslexia
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Samuel Alonso Benito, Luz Florinda Pérez Sánchez and Ángeles Bueno Villaverde
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(6), 1036; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16061036 (registering DOI) - 21 Jun 2026
Abstract
Research on twice-exceptional students, particularly those with co-occurring intellectual giftedness and dyslexia, remains limited and conceptually fragmented. This study examines the reading- and writing-related profiles of these students by comparing three groups: gifted students without dyslexia (G), gifted students with dyslexia (G-D), and
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Research on twice-exceptional students, particularly those with co-occurring intellectual giftedness and dyslexia, remains limited and conceptually fragmented. This study examines the reading- and writing-related profiles of these students by comparing three groups: gifted students without dyslexia (G), gifted students with dyslexia (G-D), and dyslexic students without intellectual giftedness (D). The sample consisted of 133 Spanish-speaking primary school students (Grades 3–6). The results revealed a distinct and non-linear performance pattern. G-D students exhibited marked difficulties in lower-level literacy processes, including phonological and lexical processing, with a performance pattern closer to that of dyslexic peers. However, they showed relative strengths in higher-order language abilities, particularly text comprehension, oral comprehension, and written composition. The findings suggest a non-uniform profile of reading- and writing-related abilities in these students, characterized by weaknesses in several lower-level literacy processes and relative strengths in some higher-order language abilities. This pattern may contribute to the underidentification of these students across educational and clinical contexts. By providing empirical evidence from Spanish, a relatively underexplored orthographic context, this study contributes to current models of twice-exceptionality and highlights the need for more sensitive and staged identification procedures, as well as multidimensional assessment and intervention approaches that address both strengths and weaknesses.
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Open AccessArticle
Crafting the Future of Digitization: How and When Digital Leadership Promotes Public Employees’ Proactive Service Performance
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Shanghao Song, Chenhui Zuo, Yunsheng Shi, Shujie Chen and Jingwei Zhao
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(6), 1035; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16061035 (registering DOI) - 21 Jun 2026
Abstract
With the development of digital technology and artificial intelligence (AI), numerous studies have focused on the applications and impacts of digital technology in the public sector. However, few studies have explored how frontline public service employees, the core subject of public organizations, can
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With the development of digital technology and artificial intelligence (AI), numerous studies have focused on the applications and impacts of digital technology in the public sector. However, few studies have explored how frontline public service employees, the core subject of public organizations, can improve their proactive service performance. Based on the model of proactive motivation, this paper investigates the influence of digital leadership on employees’ proactive service performance from a micro perspective, as well as the internal mechanisms and boundary conditions underlying this process. Through an analysis of three-wave questionnaire survey data from 234 employees, this study finds that digital leadership has a positive impact on public employees’ proactive service performance through the serial mediation effects of AI service awareness and AI crafting. Furthermore, as an important boundary condition, employees’ public service motivation strengthens the serial indirect effect of digital leadership on proactive service performance. This paper not only extends the literature on digital leadership by adopting a micro-level perspective within the context of public sector digital transformation but also identifies the individual and contextual antecedents of proactive service performance by examining the interactive effect of public service motivation and leadership. Furthermore, this paper offers valuable implications for the practice of digital transformation in public organizations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)
Open AccessArticle
Longitudinal Associations Among Academic Burnout, Fear of Missing Out, and Smartphone Use Addiction in Chinese University Students: A Two-Wave Study
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Rubin Shi, Ruiqin Xie, Weiyi Xie and Lei Mo
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(6), 1034; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16061034 (registering DOI) - 20 Jun 2026
Abstract
Smartphone use addiction and academic burnout represent prevalent phenomena, and existing research indicates a strong positive association between them. However, the longitudinal associations and potential explanatory mechanisms underlying this association remain insufficiently examined. This research explored the reciprocal influences between academic burnout and
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Smartphone use addiction and academic burnout represent prevalent phenomena, and existing research indicates a strong positive association between them. However, the longitudinal associations and potential explanatory mechanisms underlying this association remain insufficiently examined. This research explored the reciprocal influences between academic burnout and smartphone use addiction across time, while also examining whether fear of missing out (FoMO) functions as a central mediating mechanism. This research utilized a two-wave longitudinal design, with data collected from participants at two time points separated by a six-month interval. The sample consisted of 893 students from a university in South China. Measures included the Adolescent Student Burnout Inventory, the Fear of Missing Out Scale, and the Mobile Phone Addiction Scale. This research employed an analytical method of cross-lagged panel models with mediating effects. The results demonstrated that smartphone use addiction and academic burnout positively predicted each other over time. Furthermore, FoMO significantly mediated these bidirectional longitudinal associations. These results provide preliminary evidence for bidirectional temporal associations between academic burnout and smartphone use addiction and identify FoMO as one potential mechanism linking the two phenomena over time. These findings offer practical insights for developing targeted intervention strategies to address these interrelated issues among university students.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Addictive Behaviors and Mental Disorders Among Youth and Adolescents)
Open AccessArticle
Mindfulness and Psychological Distress in College Student-Athletes: The Mediating Roles of Cognitive Reappraisal and Subjective Vitality
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Xing Liu, Li Li and Huilin Wang
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(6), 1033; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16061033 (registering DOI) - 20 Jun 2026
Abstract
Introduction: College student-athletes must often balance academic responsibilities with intensive training and competition, placing them under considerable pressure and potentially increasing their risk of mental health difficulties. Against this background, the present study focused on the link between mindfulness and psychological distress and
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Introduction: College student-athletes must often balance academic responsibilities with intensive training and competition, placing them under considerable pressure and potentially increasing their risk of mental health difficulties. Against this background, the present study focused on the link between mindfulness and psychological distress and examined whether cognitive reappraisal and subjective vitality were statistically involved in this association as indirect associations. Methods: Participants were 430 college student-athletes recruited from five universities in Hunan Province, China. Using a cross-sectional survey design, the hypothesized model was tested using structural equation modeling in AMOS 23.0, and indirect associations were examined with bootstrap analysis based on 5000 resamples. Results: Mindfulness was positively associated with both cognitive reappraisal and subjective vitality. Cognitive reappraisal was positively associated with subjective vitality but negatively associated with psychological distress. Subjective vitality also showed a negative association with distress. Moreover, mindfulness showed an indirect association with lower distress through cognitive reappraisal and subjective vitality. Discussion: The findings may contribute to a better understanding of the psychological correlates associated with mental health in college student-athletes. They also suggest that mindfulness-related psychological resources may be associated with lower distress and may help guide future longitudinal and intervention research in this group.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mindfulness, Compassion, and Well-Being in Social Work Practice)
Open AccessArticle
Bilingual and Bicultural: Executive Function in Korean and American Children
by
Jasmine R. Ernst, Seokyung Kim, Catherine Schaefer, Hyewon Park Choi and Stephanie M. Carlson
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(6), 1032; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16061032 (registering DOI) - 20 Jun 2026
Abstract
The bilingual advantage hypothesis proposes that bilingual children will display greater executive function (EF) skills compared to their monolingual peers. However, most research on this topic neglects to include monolingual children from both language groups for comparison, thus confounding language status and cultural
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The bilingual advantage hypothesis proposes that bilingual children will display greater executive function (EF) skills compared to their monolingual peers. However, most research on this topic neglects to include monolingual children from both language groups for comparison, thus confounding language status and cultural context. To address this gap, we administered an extensive battery of EF tasks to 189 typically developing children ages 47–95 months (Mage = 71.47, SD = 11.68, 42.9 % Female) drawn from three language status groups: Korean-English Bilingual and English Monolingual (both in the northwestern United States) and Korean Monolingual (South Korea). Korean-English Bilingual children scored significantly higher on the EF composite than Korean Monolingual children, even after controlling for child age and verbal ability. Both English Monolingual and Korean-English Bilingual children waited significantly longer during a delay-of-gratification task than Korean Monolingual children when controlling for age and verbal ability. Korean-English Bilingual children outperformed English Monolingual and Korean Monolingual children on the Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence. There were no significant differences between language status groups on the other individual EF tasks after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Taken together, we did not find consistent support for a bilingual advantage in EF skills: Country of residence also played a role, with children living in the United States outperforming children living in Korea in some cases.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Language and Cognitive Development in Bilingual Children)
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Open AccessReview
Culturally Responsive Pediatric Rehabilitation Interventions: A Scoping Review
by
Ashley Albores, Annamarie Jump, Hana Rupnow, Cheyenne Schorlig, Patricia C. Coker-Bolt and Emerson Hart
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(6), 1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16061031 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2026
Abstract
Culturally responsive frameworks are essential for delivering equitable rehabilitation services to diverse communities. Culturally informed practices that use evidence-based strategies facilitate holistic, family-centered interventions. This scoping review explores the literature published over the last 5 years on barriers and facilitators to the use
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Culturally responsive frameworks are essential for delivering equitable rehabilitation services to diverse communities. Culturally informed practices that use evidence-based strategies facilitate holistic, family-centered interventions. This scoping review explores the literature published over the last 5 years on barriers and facilitators to the use of culturally responsive interventions for children and families receiving pediatric rehabilitation services. Databases searched included PubMed, CINAHL Complete, Medline, Cochrane Library, and OTseeker. Search terms included cultural competence, culturally informed, culturally grounded, pediatrics, rehabilitation, physical therapy, occupational therapy, barriers, facilitators, and a combination of these terms. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Published intervention studies that identified the barriers and facilitators of culturally responsive care were included in this review. Data from presentations, non-peer-reviewed literature, published abstracts, and dissertations were excluded. Ten studies were included, two Level III, three Level IV, and five Level V, according to the commonly accepted research Levels of Evidence. The outcomes of these studies suggest that rehabilitation providers should consider how to implement tailored, culturally informed interventions to improve holistic, accessible care for all communities.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement in the Adaptation and Wellbeing of Children with Neuromotor Disabilities)
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Open AccessArticle
Initial Psychometric Evaluation of the Social Safeness and Pleasure Scale Japanese Version
by
Kenichi Asano, Asa Nagae, Yasuhiro Kotera, Rhea Takahashi, Jaskaran Basran and Paul Gilbert
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(6), 1030; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16061030 - 19 Jun 2026
Abstract
This study conducted an initial psychometric evaluation of the Japanese version of the Social Safeness and Pleasure Scale (SSPS-J). In Study 1 (N = 477), exploratory factor analysis supported a single-factor structure with excellent internal consistency (alpha = 0.95, omega = 0.95).
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This study conducted an initial psychometric evaluation of the Japanese version of the Social Safeness and Pleasure Scale (SSPS-J). In Study 1 (N = 477), exploratory factor analysis supported a single-factor structure with excellent internal consistency (alpha = 0.95, omega = 0.95). Significant correlations with depression (r = −0.53), anxiety (r = −0.26), stress (r = −0.36), life satisfaction (r = 0.67), and social support (r = 0.47–0.52) demonstrated robust convergent validity. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analysis (N = 262) confirmed the reproducibility of the single-factor model with an acceptable overall fit (CFI = 0.943, SRMR = 0.036, RMSEA = 0.108). Test–retest reliability over a three-week interval (N = 113) was also high (ICC = 0.88). These results suggest that the SSPS-J is a reliable and valid preliminary measure for assessing social safeness in the Japanese general population.
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Open AccessArticle
Relating Cognitive-Activating Instruction and Metacognitive Self-Regulation to Mathematics Performance and Self-Efficacy: A Process-Modelling Study
by
Ioannis G. Katsantonis
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(6), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16061029 - 19 Jun 2026
Abstract
This study examined the processes linking cognitively activating mathematics instruction to self-efficacy via metacognitive self-regulation. A sequential mediation model was tested whereby cognitive-activating instruction operationalised as mathematical argumentation was specified as being associated with metacognitive self-regulation, which, in turn, was estimated to be
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This study examined the processes linking cognitively activating mathematics instruction to self-efficacy via metacognitive self-regulation. A sequential mediation model was tested whereby cognitive-activating instruction operationalised as mathematical argumentation was specified as being associated with metacognitive self-regulation, which, in turn, was estimated to be associated with mathematics performance and mathematics self-efficacy. Data from 6403 adolescents (49.76% females) from Greece’s PISA 2022 dataset were utilised. Latent variables were constructed from the student questionnaire items to capture cognitive activation, metacognitive self-regulation, and self-efficacy. Structural equation modelling showed that cognitive activation was positively associated with metacognitive self-regulation, which, in turn, was positively associated with mathematics self-efficacy. Sequential mediation analysis indicated that cognitive-activating instruction was also directly linked to mathematics self-efficacy and indirectly through mathematics performance, supporting the role of performance as a source of mastery experiences. In brief, the findings imply that engaging students in cognitively activating activities is associated with better metacognitive self-regulation skills and higher mathematics self-efficacy, partly through mathematics performance, which is consistent with the mastery-experiences account.
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(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)
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