Simple Summary
This comprehensive review examines how parasitic infections compromise equine health across multiple biological systems. The manuscript systematically evaluates parasitological diversity in equines, encompassing protozoans, helminths, and ectoparasites, and their multifaceted consequences. Key areas addressed include hematological disturbances, impairment of male and female reproductive function, pregnancy complications including abortion risks, and deterioration of animal-derived food products. The review integrates current knowledge on transmission pathways, diagnostic methodologies, and therapeutic interventions while highlighting zoonotic risks associated with equine parasites, particularly through meat and milk consumption. By synthesizing 217 peer-reviewed publications spanning 2000–2025, this work identifies critical knowledge gaps and emphasizes the necessity for integrated parasite management strategies to safeguard equine welfare, enhance production efficiency, and protect public health.
Abstract
Equines play a crucial role in global food security, economic development, and recreation, particularly in regions such as Central Asia, parts of Africa, and South America. However, parasitic infections significantly impact their health, productivity, and reproductive performance, leading to economic losses and reduced animal welfare. This review synthesizes the effects of parasitic infections, including protozoan, helminthic, and ectoparasitic species, on equines. These infections cause hematological alterations like anemia, leukocytosis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, compromising overall health and resilience. Protozoan parasites, such as Trypanosoma spp., Theileria equi, and Babesia caballi, directly affect semen quality and fertility by causing testicular lesions, orchitis, and hormonal disruptions. Helminths like Cyathostomins and Strongyles reduce nutrient absorption, impairing productivity, while some protozoan species can cause abortion through transplacental transmission. Zoonotic parasites, including Sarcocystis spp. and Toxoplasma gondii, pose a human health risk through contaminated meat and milk consumption. Despite the effectiveness of conventional anthelmintics, emerging biological control methods like Duddingtonia flagrans (BioWorma® and Bioverm®) show promise. However, the development of standardized herbal anthelmintics and vaccines is hindered by limited efficacy validation, complex parasite biology, and inadequate funding. The need for better diagnostic tools and sustainable treatments remains critical for the long-term sustainability of the equine industry.