Maternal Investment Fosters Male but Not Female Social Interactions with Other Group Members in Immature Wild Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Predictions | Response | Model | Confirmed? | Significant Test Predictors | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | In immatures, males are more likely than females to interact with others, and sex differences increase with age | Body contact | 1 | No | - |
Grooming | 2 | No | Immature’s age | ||
Playing | 3 | Partly | Immature’s sex * Immature’s age2 | ||
2 | Maternal investment increases the probability of interacting with others, but more so in male immatures | Body contact | 1 | No | - |
Grooming | 2 | No | - | ||
Playing | 3 | Yes | Immature’s sex * Maternal investment |
Age Class | Subject | Sex | Age | Mother |
---|---|---|---|---|
Infants | Alma | Male | 1 month | Antena |
Cacao | Male | 4 months | Xibalba | |
Chaac | Male | 16 months | Ikil | |
Chikich | Female | 14 months | Tanga | |
Covid | Male | 5 months | Pancha | |
Selva | Female | 2 months | Marylin | |
Sol | Male | 3 months | Joanne | |
Yuli | Female | 16 months | Lola | |
Juveniles | Aura | Female | 40 months | Antena |
Braga | Female | 45 months | Tanga | |
Canela | Female | 27 months | Veronica | |
Eek | Female | 55 months | Mich | |
Fabrizio | Male | 18 months | Rwanda | |
Ixchel | Female | 63 months | Xibalba | |
Luna | Female | 28 months | Joanne | |
Luz | Female | 47 months | Lola | |
Pekin | Male | 41 months | China | |
Poncho | Male | 47 months | Pancha | |
Puma * | Male | 21 months | Flor | |
Sacbe | Female | 56 months | Joanne | |
Voldemort | Male | 34 months | Mandíbula | |
Yalit * | Female | 49 months | Flor | |
Subadults | Bekech | Female | 7 years | |
Morita | Female | 6 years | ||
Nacho | Male | 7 years | ||
Nit | Female | 7 years | ||
Valentín | Male | 6 years | ||
Adults | Andrés | Male | 8 years | |
Antena | Female | 15 years | ||
Apolo | Male | 8 years | ||
Boxhuevos | Male | 11 years | ||
China | Female | 39 years | ||
Digit | Male | 9 years | ||
Eulogio | Male | 18 years | ||
Ikil | Female | 8 years | ||
Joanne | Female | 24 years | ||
Juan | Male | 19 years | ||
Lola | Female | 21 years | ||
Mandíbula | Female | 18 years | ||
Marcos | Male | 15 years | ||
Marylin | Female | 13 years | ||
Mich | Female | 13 years | ||
Pancha | Female | 20 years | ||
Rwanda | Female | 9 years | ||
Sancho | Male | 10 years | ||
Tanga | Female | 20 years | ||
Verónica | Female | 38 years | ||
Wiguiberto | Male | 12 years | ||
Xibalba | Female | 9 years |
Behaviour | Definition | Period |
---|---|---|
Immatures with group members other than their mother | ||
Grooming | Manipulation of another group member’s fur by the immature or manipulation of the immature’s fur by another group member. | August 2021 to June 2022 |
Playing | Exaggerated spontaneous behaviour by the immature and at least another individual, including object play, acrobatic play, sparring and wrestling. | |
Cofeeding | Feeding involving the immature and another group member within a 1 m proximity in the same tree. | |
Immatures with their mothers | ||
Carrying | Maternal displacement, while the immature clings to the mother’s back. | February to June 2022 |
Nursing | The immature holding the mother’s nipple in their mouth. | |
Playing | Exaggerated spontaneous behaviour, including object play, acrobatic play, sparring and wrestling. | |
Touching | The mother placing the palm of one or both hands on the offspring’s body. | |
Grooming | Manipulation of the immature’s fur by the mother. | |
Proximity | The immature and the mother being within a 1 m proximity of each other. |
Models and Predictors | Estimate | SE | 2.5% to 97.5% CIs | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1: The probability of immatures being in bodily contact with group members other than mothers | ||||
Intercept | −8.99 | 0.24 | −9.47 to −8.52 | - |
Immature’s sex (male) | 0.17 | 0.25 | −0.32 to 0.66 | 0.504 |
Immature’s age | 0.11 | 0.21 | −0.30 to 0.52 | 0.610 |
Maternal investment | 0.08 | 0.20 | −0.32 to 0.47 | 0.699 |
Maternal proximity | 0.62 | 0.28 | 0.07 to 1.17 | 0.027 * |
Seasonality | −0.09 | 0.24 | −0.57 to 0.39 | 0.720 |
Model 2: The probability of immatures grooming with group members other than mothers | ||||
Intercept | −10.47 | 0.46 | −11.37 to −9.58 | - |
Immature’s sex (male) | 0.29 | 0.50 | −0.69 to 1.27 | 0.566 |
Immature’s age | 0.83 | 0.37 | 0.10 to 0.29 | 0.026 * |
Maternal investment | −0.17 | 0.41 | −0.97 to 0.63 | 0.672 |
Maternal proximity | 1.10 | 0.40 | 0.31 to 1.89 | 0.006 ** |
Seasonality | −0.51 | 0.41 | −1.32 to 0.29 | 0.199 |
Model 3: The probability of immatures playing with group members other than mothers | ||||
Intercept | −7.86 | 0.24 | −8.34 to −7.39 | - |
Immature’s sex (male) | 0.76 | 0.33 | 0.12 to 1.40 | - |
Immature’s age | −0.11 | 0.22 | −0.55 to 0.32 | - |
Immature’s squared age | −0.03 | 0.16 | −0.35 to 0.29 | - |
Maternal investment | −0.31 | 0.22 | −0.75 to 0.12 | - |
Immature’s sex (male) * Immature’s age | 0.79 | 0.44 | −0.06 to 1. 64 | 0.067 |
Immature’s sex (male) * Immature’s squared age | −0.73 | 0.38 | −1.47 to 0.01 | 0.048 * |
Immature’s sex (male) * Maternal investment | 1.24 | 0.54 | 0.19 to 2.30 | 0.017 * |
Maternal proximity | −0.33 | 0.23 | −0.79 to 0.13 | 0.152 |
Seasonality | −0.37 | 0.21 | −0.78 to 0.03 | 0.070 |
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Soben, C.; Llorente, M.; Villariezo, P.; Liebal, K.; Amici, F. Maternal Investment Fosters Male but Not Female Social Interactions with Other Group Members in Immature Wild Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Animals 2023, 13, 1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13111802
Soben C, Llorente M, Villariezo P, Liebal K, Amici F. Maternal Investment Fosters Male but Not Female Social Interactions with Other Group Members in Immature Wild Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Animals. 2023; 13(11):1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13111802
Chicago/Turabian StyleSoben, Carolina, Miquel Llorente, Paula Villariezo, Katja Liebal, and Federica Amici. 2023. "Maternal Investment Fosters Male but Not Female Social Interactions with Other Group Members in Immature Wild Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)" Animals 13, no. 11: 1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13111802