Effects of 25(OH)VD3 on Growth Performance, Pork Quality and Calcium Deposit in Growing-Finishing Pigs
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Diets
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Nutrient Digestibility
2.4. Chemical Analysis
2.5. Inflammatory Cytokines and Antioxidant Capacity in the Liver
2.6. Carcass Traits
2.7. Contents of Amino Acids (AA) and Fatty Acids (FA) in the Longissimus Dorsi
2.8. Skeletal Characteristics
2.9. Quantification PCR Analysis
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance
3.2. Nutrient Digestibility
3.3. Carcass Traits and Pork Quality
3.4. Skeletal Characteristics
3.5. Inflammatory Cytokines
3.6. Antioxidase Activity
3.7. mRNA Expression of Calcium Ion Channel Proteins
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Different Inclusion Levels of 25(OH)VD3 on Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility
4.2. Effects of 50 μG/KG 25(OH)VD3 on Carcass Traits and Pork Quality
4.3. Effects of 50 μG/KG 25(OH)VD3 on Immune Function
4.4. Effects of 50 μG/KG 25(OH)VD3 on Antioxidant Capacity
4.5. Effects of 50 μG/KG 25(OH)VD3 on Bone Characteristics and Expression of Calcium Ion Channel Protein
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Growth Phases of Pigs | |||
---|---|---|---|
Items | 50–75 kg | 75–100 kg | 100 kg–Harvest |
Ingredients | |||
Corn | 69.27 | 74.91 | 80.05 |
Soybean meal | 20.00 | 15.00 | 10.50 |
Wheat bran | 8.00 | 7.50 | 7.00 |
Dicalcium phosphate | 0.18 | 0.08 | - |
Limestone | 1.20 | 1.18 | 1.15 |
Salt | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
L-Lysine HCl, 78.8% | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.22 |
DL-Methionine | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
L-Threonine | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
L-Tryptophan | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Premix 1 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
Analyzed nutrient levels | |||
Crude protein | 15.50 | 13.70 | 12.10 |
Calcium | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.82 |
Total phosphorus | 0.63 | 0.59 | 0.61 |
Calculated nutrient levels, % | |||
Digestible energy, Mcal/kg | 3.40 | 3.40 | 3.40 |
Available phosphorus | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.15 |
Standardized ileal digestible lysine | 0.86 | 0.73 | 0.62 |
Standardized ileal digestible methionine | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.19 |
Standardized ileal digestible threonine | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.41 |
Standardized ileal digestible tryptophan | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.11 |
Items | Inclusion Levels of 25(OH)VD3 | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 μg/kg | 25 μg/kg | 50 μg/kg | 75 μg/kg | Diet | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Body weight, kg | ||||||||
BW d 0 | 45.16 | 45.05 | 45.33 | 45.32 | 0.31 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
BW d 28 | 71.27 | 71.49 | 72.74 | 72.44 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.64 | 0.61 |
BW d 56 | 95.73 | 96.1 | 98.79 | 97.61 | 1.35 | 0.61 | 0.78 | 0.06 |
BW d 84 | 118.92 | 119.52 | 122.38 | 119.6 | 2.34 | 0.66 | 0.69 | 0.09 |
ADG, g/d | ||||||||
d 0–28 | 933 | 944 | 978 | 969 | 23.04 | 0.52 | 0.48 | 0.42 |
d 28–56 | 873 | 879 | 931 | 899 | 20.43 | 0.92 | 0.72 | 0.03 |
d 56–84 | 828 | 836 | 843 | 785 | 23.04 | 0.34 | 0.57 | 0.69 |
d 0–84 | 878 | 886 | 918 | 884 | 22.03 | 0.53 | 0.76 | 0.04 |
ADFI, g/d | ||||||||
d 0–28 | 2936 | 2837 | 3020 | 2879 | 35.34 | 0.43 | 0.57 | 0.34 |
d 28–56 | 2699 | 2618 | 2719 | 2656 | 30.54 | 0.68 | 0.43 | 0.62 |
d 56–84 | 3226 | 3220 | 3265 | 3096 | 35.34 | 0.43 | 0.74 | 0.89 |
d 0–84 | 2874 | 2818 | 2901 | 2803 | 33.23 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.84 |
G: F | ||||||||
d 0–28 | 0.315 | 0.333 | 0.324 | 0.337 | 0.003 | 0.81 | 0.69 | 0.61 |
d 28–56 | 0.323 | 0.336 | 0.342 | 0.338 | 0.004 | 0.85 | 0.44 | 0.54 |
d 56–84 | 0.257 | 0.260 | 0.258 | 0.254 | 0.003 | 0.85 | 0.65 | 0.58 |
d 0–84 | 0.305 | 0.314 | 0.316 | 0.315 | 0.004 | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.75 |
Items, % | Inclusion Levels of 25(OH)VD3 | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 μg/kg | 25 μg/kg | 50 μg/kg | 75 μg/kg | Diet | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Dry matter | 86.1 | 85.8 | 86.9 | 85.9 | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.61 |
Crude protein | 82.9 | 84.0 | 83.9 | 83.0 | 0.89 | 0.78 | 0.57 | 0.34 |
Ether extract | 53.9 | 52.8 | 55.2 | 53.5 | 1.81 | 0.14 | 0.43 | 0.23 |
Calcium | 57.9 b | 59.8 ab | 60.9 a | 59.8 ab | 0.88 | 0.01 | 0.33 | 0.03 |
Phosphorus | 53.7 | 54.3 | 55.0 | 54.5 | 1.60 | 0.76 | 0.52 | 0.04 |
Items | Inclusion Levels of 25(OH)VD3 | SEM | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 μg/kg | 50 μg/kg | |||
Carcass traits | ||||
Hot carcass weight, kg | 91.54 | 91.83 | 1.6 | 0.52 |
Slaughter rate, % | 71.42 | 71.35 | 0.7 | 0.73 |
Carcass slant length, cm | 92.00 | 92.49 | 0.76 | 0.31 |
Backfat thickness, mm | 20.90 | 21.27 | 0.47 | 0.17 |
Eye muscle area, cm2 | 60.61 | 61.34 | 1.57 | 0.45 |
Meat quality | ||||
pH 45 min | 6.02 | 5.91 | 1.32 | 0.54 |
pH 24 h | 5.74 | 5.79 | 1.03 | 0.23 |
Marble Rating | 3.17 | 3.28 | 0.95 | 0.65 |
45 min flesh color | ||||
L*(lightness) | 47.21 | 46.83 | 4.47 | 0.42 |
a*(redness) | 18.97 | 18.10 | 2.54 | 0.83 |
b*(yellowness) | −0.88 | −1.01 | 0.78 | 0.91 |
24 h flesh color | ||||
L*(lightness) | 51.92 | 49.94 | 4.23 | 0.72 |
a*(redness) | 17.93 | 17.76 | 1.44 | 0.93 |
b*(yellowness) | 3.16 | 1.92 | 0.65 | 0.15 |
Drip loss, % | 2.40 | 2.59 | 0.43 | 0.35 |
Cooking loss, % | 29.65 | 28.89 | 2.89 | 0.46 |
Items, % of the Longissimus Dorsi | Inclusion Levels of 25(OH)VD3 | SEM | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 µg/kg | 50 µg/kg | |||
Lysine | 7.62 | 7.71 | 0.04 | 0.12 |
Methionine | 2.57 | 2.78 | 0.05 | 0.14 |
Threonine | 3.91 | 4.03 | 0.04 | 0.78 |
Tryptophan | 0.92 | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.84 |
Valine | 4.15 | 4.28 | 0.06 | 0.21 |
Leucine | 6.79 | 6.90 | 0.04 | 0.18 |
Isoleucine | 3.96 | 4.09 | 0.05 | 0.31 |
Phenylalanine | 3.33 | 3.42 | 0.04 | 0.41 |
Histidine | 3.94 | 4.00 | 0.07 | 0.43 |
Arginine | 5.32 | 5.27 | 0.06 | 0.34 |
Tyrosine | 2.96 | 3.05 | 0.02 | 0.43 |
Serine | 3.37 | 3.41 | 0.04 | 0.23 |
Glutamic acid | 12.23 | 12.38 | 0.04 | 0.18 |
Proline | 3.11 | 3.25 | 0.08 | 0.43 |
Glycine | 3.56 | 3.51 | 0.07 | 0.23 |
Alanine | 4.73 | 4.89 | 0.04 | 0.35 |
Cysteine | 0.88 | 0.90 | 0.06 | 0.32 |
Aspartic acid | 7.87 | 8.08 | 0.12 | 0.52 |
Total protein | 81.23 | 82.91 | 0.53 | 0.45 |
Items, g/kg | Inclusion Levels of 25(OH)VD3 | SEM | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 µg/kg | 50 µg/kg | |||
C6:0 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.65 |
C10:0 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.89 |
C12:0 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.86 |
C14:0 | 1.29 | 1.08 | 0.11 | 0.57 |
C15:0 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.92 |
C16:0 | 23.02 | 19.12 | 2.05 | 0.08 |
C17:0 | 0.40 a | 0.18 b | 0.02 | 0.01 |
C18:0 | 11.79 | 10.39 | 1.09 | 0.25 |
C20:0 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.45 |
C21:0 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.03 | 0.67 |
C22:0 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.93 |
C24:0 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0 | 0.92 |
Saturated fatty acids | 37.58 a | 31.21 b | 2.38 | 0.02 |
C14:1 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.87 |
C16:1 | 3.34 a | 2.12 b | 0.27 | 0.04 |
C18:1n9c | 38.47 | 32.94 | 3.38 | 0.35 |
C20:1 | 0.73 | 0.57 | 0.06 | 0.24 |
C24:1 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.85 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids | 42.64 a | 34.41 b | 3.71 | 0.03 |
C18:2n6c | 7.02 b | 9.42 a | 0.83 | 0.04 |
C18:3n3 | 0.21 | 0.40 | 0.03 | 0.08 |
C20:3n6 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.02 | 0.23 |
C20:4n6 | 1.48 | 1.51 | 0.15 | 0.54 |
C20:3n3 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.64 |
C20:5n3 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.87 |
C22:1n9 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.94 |
C22:2 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.96 |
C22:6n3 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.84 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acid | 9.19 b | 11.83 a | 1.06 | 0.01 |
∑n-6PUFA | 8.72 b | 11.23 a | 1 | 0.02 |
∑n-3PUFA | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
n-6/n-3 | 22.11 a | 17.31 b | 1.94 | 0.02 |
PUFA/SFA | 0.26 b | 0.40 a | 0.03 | 0.01 |
Items | Inclusion Levels of 25(OH)VD3 | SEM | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 µg/kg | 50 µg/kg | |||
Tibia | ||||
Calcium, % | 16.76 | 17.26 | 0.32 | 0.09 |
Phosphorus, % | 8.13 | 8.63 | 0.45 | 0.41 |
Bone mineral content, g | 2.93 | 3.45 | 0.56 | 0.87 |
Bone mineral density, g/cm2 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.08 | 0.94 |
Break strength, n | 1510 b | 1712 a | 92.34 | 0.01 |
Destruction deflection, mm | 4.21 | 4.36 | 0.32 | 0.67 |
Stiffness, n/mm | 582 b | 681 a | 20.45 | 0.01 |
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Zhang, Z.; Zhang, G.; Cao, J.; Qiu, B.; Qin, X.; Zhao, J. Effects of 25(OH)VD3 on Growth Performance, Pork Quality and Calcium Deposit in Growing-Finishing Pigs. Animals 2023, 13, 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010086
Zhang Z, Zhang G, Cao J, Qiu B, Qin X, Zhao J. Effects of 25(OH)VD3 on Growth Performance, Pork Quality and Calcium Deposit in Growing-Finishing Pigs. Animals. 2023; 13(1):86. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010086
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Zeyu, Gang Zhang, Jindang Cao, Baoqin Qiu, Xiaoyu Qin, and Jinbiao Zhao. 2023. "Effects of 25(OH)VD3 on Growth Performance, Pork Quality and Calcium Deposit in Growing-Finishing Pigs" Animals 13, no. 1: 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010086
APA StyleZhang, Z., Zhang, G., Cao, J., Qiu, B., Qin, X., & Zhao, J. (2023). Effects of 25(OH)VD3 on Growth Performance, Pork Quality and Calcium Deposit in Growing-Finishing Pigs. Animals, 13(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010086