Immunoregulation in Fungal Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Immunoregulatory Cells
2.1. Dendritic Cells
2.2. Regulatory T Cells
3. Immunoregulatory Signaling Pathways
3.1. IL-10 Signaling
3.2. Programmed Cell Death Pathway
3.3. Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4 Signaling
4. Unique Immunoregulatory Circumstances
4.1. Protective Tolerance
4.2. Immune Restoration Inflammatory Syndrome
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Concept | Specific Topic | Fungi of Relevance | References |
---|---|---|---|
Cells | Dendritic Cells | A. fumigatus | [20,21,35] |
C. albicans | [28,29,68] | ||
C. neoformans | [9,30,31,32,33,36,37,38] | ||
H. capsulatum | [34] | ||
Regulatory T Cells | A. fumigatus | [64] | |
C. albicans | [58,59,65,67,68,69,71] | ||
C. neoformans | [61,62] | ||
H. capsulatum | [63] | ||
P. brasiliensis | [60,66,67] | ||
Signaling Pathways | IL-10 | A. fumigatus | [84,87] |
C. albicans | [83,85] | ||
C. neoformans | [9,36,37,38,39,81] | ||
H. capsulatum | [86] | ||
PD-1 | C. albicans | [114,115] | |
C. neoformans | [110] | ||
H. capsulatum | [111] | ||
P. brasiliensis | [112] | ||
P. jirovecii | [93] | ||
CTLA-4 | C. albicans | [115,131] | |
C. neoformans | [129,130] | ||
P. brasiliensis | [67,128] | ||
Unique Circumstances | Protective Tolerance | A. fumigatus | [134,135,136] |
C. albicans | [71,133] | ||
Immune Restoration Inflammatory Syndrome | A. fumigatus | [156,157] | |
C. immitis | [162,163] | ||
C. neoformans | [143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,155,159,160,161] |
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Roussey, J.A.; Olszewski, M.A.; Osterholzer, J.J. Immunoregulation in Fungal Diseases. Microorganisms 2016, 4, 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms4040047
Roussey JA, Olszewski MA, Osterholzer JJ. Immunoregulation in Fungal Diseases. Microorganisms. 2016; 4(4):47. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms4040047
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoussey, Jonathan A., Michal A. Olszewski, and John J. Osterholzer. 2016. "Immunoregulation in Fungal Diseases" Microorganisms 4, no. 4: 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms4040047