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Microorganisms
Volume 14
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10.3390/microorganisms14010046
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Article

Ten-Year Monitoring of Bovine Mastitis-Causing Bacteria in Northern Italy and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Raw Milk

by
Arianna Guaita
1,*,
Franco Paterlini
2,
Antonella Posante
2,
Monica Boldini
2,
Cinzia Rolfi
2 and
Paolo Daminelli
1
1
National Reference Centre for Bovine Milk Quality, 25124 Brescia, Italy
2
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, 25024 Brescia, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010046
Submission received: 10 November 2025 / Revised: 17 December 2025 / Accepted: 23 December 2025 / Published: 25 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Antimicrobial Agents and Resistance)
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Abstract

Bovine mastitis is a multifactorial disease defined by the inflammation of the udder in cattle. It can be caused by different factors, but contagious or environmental pathogens play a major role in the onset of this disease. The main treatment for this condition is the administration of antibiotics, either parenterally or via the intramammary route. The samples were processed by the National Reference Centre for Bovine Milk Quality (CRNQLB) and bacteriologically examined by the IZSLER Primary Production Department (BS, Italy) over the period from 2015 to 2024. Moreover, this study presents the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) obtained from all the bacterial pathogens isolated in the last three years of the study (2022–2024). This study aimed to describe the main frequencies recorded during the decade, in order to provide an enumeration of pathogens circulating in the IZSLER jurisdiction and to estimate trends in antimicrobial resistance, highlighting increases or decreases in observed resistance levels. Results show an increased prevalence of Streptococcus uberis, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecium, with a decrease in Prototheca, yeasts, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus agalactiae. The general increase in antimicrobial resistance to trimethoprim needs to be highlighted to express the need for a targeted therapy based on accurate diagnosis to limit the spread of resistance in dairy farms.
Keywords: ten-year trend; prevalence; mastitis-causing pathogens; antimicrobial resistance ten-year trend; prevalence; mastitis-causing pathogens; antimicrobial resistance

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MDPI and ACS Style

Guaita, A.; Paterlini, F.; Posante, A.; Boldini, M.; Rolfi, C.; Daminelli, P. Ten-Year Monitoring of Bovine Mastitis-Causing Bacteria in Northern Italy and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Raw Milk. Microorganisms 2026, 14, 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010046

AMA Style

Guaita A, Paterlini F, Posante A, Boldini M, Rolfi C, Daminelli P. Ten-Year Monitoring of Bovine Mastitis-Causing Bacteria in Northern Italy and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Raw Milk. Microorganisms. 2026; 14(1):46. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010046

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guaita, Arianna, Franco Paterlini, Antonella Posante, Monica Boldini, Cinzia Rolfi, and Paolo Daminelli. 2026. "Ten-Year Monitoring of Bovine Mastitis-Causing Bacteria in Northern Italy and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Raw Milk" Microorganisms 14, no. 1: 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010046

APA Style

Guaita, A., Paterlini, F., Posante, A., Boldini, M., Rolfi, C., & Daminelli, P. (2026). Ten-Year Monitoring of Bovine Mastitis-Causing Bacteria in Northern Italy and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Raw Milk. Microorganisms, 14(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010046

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