A Pneumatic Novel Combined Soft Robotic Gripper with High Load Capacity and Large Grasping Range

Abstract

Pneumatic soft grippers have been widely studied. However, the structures and material properties of existing pneumatic soft grippers limit their load capacity and manipulation range. In this article, inspired by sea lampreys, we present a pneumatic novel combined soft gripper to achieve a high load capacity and a large grasping range. This soft gripper consists of a cylindrical soft actuator and a detachable sucker. Three internal air chambers of the cylindrical soft actuator are inflated, which enables them to hold objects. Under vacuum pressure, the cylindrical soft actuator and the detachable sucker can both adsorb objects. A finite element model was constructed to simulate three inflation chambers for predicting the grasping range of the cylindrical soft actuator. The validity of the finite element model was established by an experiment. The mechanism of holding force and adsorption force were analyzed. Several groups of experiments were conducted to determine adsorption range, holding force, and adsorption force. In addition, practical applications further indicated that the novel combined soft gripper has a high load capacity (10.85 kg) at a low pressure (16 kPa) and a large grasping range (minimum diameter of the object: d = 6 mm), being able to lift a variety of objects with different weights, material properties, and shapes.

1. Introduction

Soft robots have distinguishable potential and advantages compared to traditional rigid robots, such as flexibility, high environmental adaptability, shock-absorbing properties, and high degrees of freedom, and therefore, the application areas of soft robots have involved human–machine interaction, locomotion and exploration, manipulation, medical and surgical applications, rehabilitation, and wearable robots [1,2,3,4]. Soft robotic grippers are one of the research areas in the field of soft robots. Scholars have created various soft robotic grippers with different drive modes [5,6,7], including pneumatic actuation [8,9,10,11], cable-driven actuation [12], shape memory alloys actuation [13,14,15], and electroactive polymers actuation [16,17,18]. Pneumatic actuation has been widely studied due to its advantages of a large driving force, a fast response speed, and convenient and safe gas source acquisition.

Load capacity and grasping range are two key indicators used to evaluate the performance of soft robot grippers. A pneumatic multi-finger soft gripper can adjust its shape according to the shape of the object to grasp objects with different sizes and shapes [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. Fiber-reinforced actuators [29,30], granular jamming actuators [31,32,33] and bellows-type actuators [34] are used to improve the load force of multi-finger soft grippers. A multi-finger soft gripper is capable of lifting an object weighing 5 kg [35]. However, due to the opened structure and the low stiffness, multi-finger soft grippers can only exhibit low load capacity. Closed structure soft grippers utilize granular jamming to grasp objects. The load capacity of the universal soft robotic grippers based on the jamming of granular material reaches 8 kg [36,37,38]. However, the fluidity and arrangement uncertainty of the granules cause instability of stiffness in closed structure soft grippers, which limits the increase in the load force of the closed structure soft gripper. Ring-shaped soft robotic grippers allow for grasping objects through radial shrinkage deformation [39,40]. The load force of the bionic winding soft robotic gripper reaches 10.5 kg [41], which achieves high load capacity. However, the grasping range of the ring-shaped soft gripper is limited, and the objects whose size exceeds the inner diameter of the ring-shaped soft gripper cannot be grasped.

In this work, inspired by sea lampreys, we propose a pneumatic novel combined soft gripper that is composed of a cylindrical soft actuator and a detachable sucker. The cylindrical soft actuator has a grasping function and an adsorption function, and the detachable sucker has an adsorption function. The experiments and applications of grasping and adsorption objects with different weights, sizes and materials indicate that the novel combined soft gripper has a high load capacity and a large grasping range. This novel combined soft gripper fills the defect of the existing soft grippers and provides a new idea for the structure design of the soft gripper in the future.

This paper is organized as follows: first, the design concept and structure of the novel combined soft gripper are described. Then, the fabrication process of the novel combined soft gripper is illustrated. Furthermore, a finite element model and a series of experiments and applications are conducted to validate that the novel combined soft gripper has a high load capacity and a large grasping range. The last section presents the discussion and conclusion.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Design Concept and Structure of the Novel Combined Soft Gripper

Sea lampreys have suction-cup mouths that are strengthened by annular cartilage [42,43]. The sea lamprey can seize stones with its suction-cup mouth (Figure 1a) and can attach to the body of its victim by means of its suction-cup mouth, with its sharp teeth rasping a hole in the body for sucking blood (Figure 1b). A sea lamprey’s mouth is shown in Figure 1c. The adsorption and seizing behavior of sea lampreys inspired us to fabricate a novel combined soft gripper that has grasping and adsorption functions.

Figure 1. The sea lampreys. (a) A sea lamprey seizes stones with its suction-cup mouth. (b) A sea lamprey attaches to the body of a fish by its suction-cup mouth. (c) A sea lamprey’s mouth.

As shown in Figure 2, this novel combined soft gripper consists of a cylindrical soft actuator and a detachable sucker (Figure 2a). The cylindrical soft actuator consists of a main function module and a seal module (Figure 2b,c). The inflatable tubes connect the cylindrical soft actuator with an air compressor. The suction tube connects the novel combined soft gripper with a vacuum pump. When the air chambers of the cylindrical soft actuator are inflated, the inner and outer walls of the cylindrical soft actuator expand radially, although the expansion of the outer wall could affect the grasping force of the cylindrical soft actuator, which is undesirable. Therefore, we use reinforced fibers to prevent radial expansion of the outer wall of the cylindrical soft actuator under input air pressure.

Figure 2. Structure of the novel combined soft gripper. (a) The novel combined soft gripper consists of a cylindrical soft actuator and a detachable sucker. (b) Structure of the main function module. (c) Structure of the seal module.

As shown in Figure 3. Under the action of the air compressor, the air chambers of the cylindrical soft actuator inflate to grasp the object (Figure 3a,b). Under the action of the vacuum pump, the cylindrical soft actuator acts as a suction cup to absorb the object (Figure 3c,d).

Figure 3. Schematic of the working principle of the novel combined soft gripper. (a) Schematic of grasping and holding of the cylindrical soft actuator. (b) Holding force analysis. (c) Schematic of adsorption of the cylindrical soft actuator. (d) Adsorption force analysis. (e) Schematic of adsorption of the detachable sucker.

Taking the center of gravity of the object as the coordinate origin, the coordinate system when the object is placed on the horizontal plane is G₀ = {O, x₀, y₀, z₀}, and the new coordinate system obtained by the coordinate rotation Formula (1) is G₁ = {O, x₁, y₁, z₁}.

$$R=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\cos {\alpha }_1& \cos {\alpha }_2& \cos {\alpha }_3\\ \cos {\beta }_1& \cos {\beta }_2& \cos {\beta }_3\\ \cos {\gamma }_1& \cos {\gamma }_2& \cos {\gamma }_3\end{array}\right]$$

(1)

where ${\alpha }_i, {\beta }_i, \mathrm{and} {\gamma }_i \left(i=1, 2, 3\right),$ respectively, represent the angle between coordinate system G₀ and coordinate system G₁.

The gravity vector of the object in the coordinate system ${\mathrm{G}}_0$ is $W_0={\left[\begin{array}{cc}0& 0–mg\end{array}\right]}^T$. The gravity vector of the object in the coordinate system ${\mathrm{G}}_1$ is expressed as:

$$W_1=R^T{W}_0=\left[\begin{array}{c}-\mathrm{mg}\cos {\gamma }_1\\ -\mathrm{mg}\cos {\gamma }_2\\ -\mathrm{mg}\cos {\gamma }_3\end{array}\right]$$

(2)

The cylindrical soft actuator holds the object to maintain balance on the x, y, and z axis (Figure 3a,b). From the balance expression $\sum F_{z1}=0$ on the z-axis, the holding force $F_h$ is obtained:

$$F_h=\mathrm{N}\mu =\mathrm{mg}\cos {\gamma }_3$$

(3)

Regarding the cylindrical soft actuator and the object as a rigid body, the torque $T_h$ of the rigid body relative to the fixed end of the cylindrical soft actuator is expressed as follows:

$$T_h=\mathrm{mgH}\sqrt{{\left(\cos {\gamma }_1\right)}^2+{\left(\cos {\gamma }_2\right)}^2}$$

(4)

where $\mathrm{N}$ is the total normal force, $\mu$ is the static friction coefficient between the cylindrical soft actuator and the object, and H is the distance between the center of gravity of rigid body and the fixed end of the cylindrical soft actuator.

When the cylindrical soft actuator absorbs the object to maintain balance (Figure 3c,d), the required adsorption force $F_a$ and the torque are expressed as follows:

$$F_a=\mathrm{mg}\sqrt{{\left(\cos {\gamma }_1\right)}^2+{\left(\cos {\gamma }_2\right)}^2}/\mu +\mathrm{mg}\cos {\gamma }_3$$

(5)

$$T_a=\mathrm{mg}h\sqrt{{\left(\cos {\gamma }_1\right)}^2+{\left(\cos {\gamma }_2\right)}^2}$$

(6)

where $\mu$ is the static friction coefficient between the cylindrical soft actuator and the object, and $h$ is the length of the cylindrical soft actuator.

The adsorption principle of the detachable sucker (Figure 3e) is the same as that of the cylindrical soft actuator.

2.2. Fabrication of the Novel Combined Soft Gripper

The novel combined soft gripper was fabricated by the casting molding method, and all the molds utilized in this fabrication method were 3D printed (Creality 3D CR-2020, Shenzhen Creality 3D Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China) with PLA materials. As illustrated in Figure 4, the fabrication process can be presented as follows:

Figure 4. Fabrication process of the novel combined soft gripper. (I) Fabrication of the cylindrical soft actuator: (a,b) Based mold, two outer molds and inner mold were used to cast the main function module, (c,d) main function module and seal mold were used to cast the seal module. (e,f) Reinforced fiber covered the outer wall of the main function module, and then the cylindrical soft actuator formed. (II) Fabrication of the detachable sucker: (g) 3D printed molds were used to cast the detachable sucker. (h) The cured detachable sucker.

Casting main function module: The fabrication process of the main function module is shown in Figure 4(Ia–c). Firstly, the based mold and two outer molds were assembled together with three wires. Then, the inner mold was mounted on the based mold. Lastly, the liquid silicone (E630, Shenzhen Hongyejie Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China) was poured into the assembled molds and then demolded after the silicone cured.

Casting seal module: The seal module was casted on the closed end of the main function module to seal the three air chambers (A, B, and C). As shown in Figure 4(Id–f), the main function module was fixed on the seal mold. The liquid silicone was poured into the seal mold, and then demolded after curing, and the seal module and the main function module formed a whole. Reinforced fiber covered the outer wall of the cylindrical soft actuator.

Casting detachable sucker: As illustrated in Figure 4II, the liquid silicone was poured into the assembled molds, and then demolded after the silicone cured.

2.3. Finite Element Method Modeling

Uniaxial tensile tests of the dumbbell specimens were conducted following the ISO 37 standard using a universal tester (Model: CMT4203; MTS SYSTEMS CO., Ltd., Hangzhou, China) (Figure 5a). The averaged nominal stress-strain date is shown in Figure 5b.

Figure 5. (a) Uniaxial tensile tests. (b) The averaged nominal stress-strain curve of dumbbell specimens. (c) The relationship between inscribed circle diameters and input air pressures of finite element simulation. (d) The inflated state of finite element model at 0 kPa, 4 kPa, 10 kPa, and 16 kPa respectively.

To predict the grasping range of the cylindrical soft actuator, a finite element model was developed and analyzed using ABAQUS/Standard (Dassault Systemes Simulia Corp.). The Yeoh (C10 = 0.2364, C20 = −0.3033, C30 = 0.2481) model was used to characterize the material response. The constraint of zero radial displacement was applied to the outer wall of the cylindrical soft actuator to replace the role of the reinforced fiber. We simplified the finite element model for realizing simulation and improving computational efficiency, and ignored the air tubes. The input air pressure (varying from 0 to 16 kPa at 2 kPa intervals) acted on the walls of three internal air chambers. The relationship between the inscribed circle diameters and input air pressures is shown in Figure 5c. The inflated state of the finite element model at 0, 4, 10, and 16 kPa, respectively, is illustrated in Figure 5d.

3. Results

3.1. Grasping Range of the Cylindrical Soft Actuator

To determine the grasping range of the cylindrical soft actuator, we measured the inscribed circle diameter under pressures from 0 to 16 kPa at 2 kPa intervals of the cylindrical soft actuator using a conical bore gauge (Conical bore gauge, Shan Ce Instrument Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). The experimental results show that the inscribed circle diameter changed from 70 to 7.5 mm, which provides the basis for the following selection of sizes of experiment objects. The inflated state of the cylindrical soft actuator at 0, 4, 10 and 16 kPa, respectively, can be observed in Figure 6a. As depicted in Figure 6b, simulation results and experimental results show the same trend, and the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Therefore, this finite element model can predict the general grasping range of the cylindrical soft actuator.

Figure 6. Grasping range of the cylindrical soft actuator. (a) The inflated state of the cylindrical soft actuator at 0 kPa, 4 kPa, 10 kPa and 16 kPa respectively. (b) The relationship between inscribed circle diameters and input pressures of experimental results and simulation results.

3.2. Load Capacity of the Cylindrical Soft Actuator

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the load capacity of the cylindrical soft actuator. The pneumatic novel combined soft gripper was mounted on the force meter that was fixed to the sliding block of the testing device (Figure 7a), and the cylindrical soft actuator was connected to the air chambers and the pressure regulating valve via air tubes. Experiment objects were 3D printed with PLA materials (Figure 7b), including three cylinders (diameter: 20, 40, and 60 mm), three spheres (diameter: 20, 40, and 60 mm), and three cuboids (diameter: 20, 40, and 60 mm). Under input air pressure (varied from 0 to 16 kPa at 2 kPa intervals), the cylindrical soft actuator grasped an experimental object fixed to the clamping device of the testing device (Figure 7c), and the sliding block pulled the force meter upward at a fixed velocity (0.5 mm/s) until the experimental object was released by the cylindrical soft actuator. Each experiment was repeated five times, and the results were averaged.

Figure 7. (a) Load capacity testing device. (b) Experimental objects for grasping and holding experiment. (c) The state of grasping an experimental object using the cylindrical soft actuator.

The holding force is expressed by the maximum pulling force. The relationship between the maximum pulling forces and input air pressures is shown in Figure 8. As can be seen, the maximum pulling forces are 87.96, 64.84, and 61.90 N for grasping and holding cylinders, cuboids, and spheres, respectively, at 16 kPa air pressure. The maximum pulling force increased along with the growth of input air pressure. The maximum pulling force increases with the increase of the diameter of the experimental object at the same input air pressure. The most likely reason is that the contact area between three air chambers and the object increased with the increase of the diameter of the object. The holding force is proportional to the contact area. Therefore, the experimental results are consistent with the description of the theoretical model.

Figure 8. The relationship between maximum pulling forces and input air pressures. (a) The maximum pulling force for grasping cylinders with different diameters. (b) The maximum pulling force for grasping cuboids with different diameters. (c) The maximum pulling force for grasping spheres with different diameters.

3.3. Adsorption Range of the Cylindrical Soft Actuator

To evaluate the adsorption range of the cylindrical soft actuator, we chose four curved surfaces with different curvature k (k = 1/35, 1/36, 1/40, and 1/65 mm⁻¹) and four flat surfaces with different radii r (r = 35, 36, 40, and 65 mm) as experimental objects (Figure 9a). All the surfaces were fabricated through 3D printing with PLA material, and the mass of each experimental object was set as the same value, 100 g. The cylindrical soft actuator adsorbed the experimental objects at −15 kPa vacuum pressure (Figure 9b). Each experiment was repeated five times. Experimental results showed that the cylindrical soft actuator can 100% successfully adsorb curved surfaces with L > R, H > H1 and flat surfaces with R1 > L > R, H > H1 (L is the distance between the center line of the cylindrical soft actuator and the contact point of the surface and the cylindrical soft actuator. R is the inner diameter of the cylindrical soft actuator, R = 35 mm. H is the distance from the bottom end of the surface to the contact point of the cylindrical soft actuator and the surface. H1 is the distance between the open end of the cylindrical soft actuator and the contact point of the cylindrical soft actuator and the surface. R1 is the radius of the cylindrical soft actuator adsorption port, R1 = 55 mm) as shown in Figure 9(c-1,c-2). Furthermore, the cylindrical soft actuator can 100% successfully adsorb flat surfaces with R2 > R1 (R2 is the radius of the flat surface), as shown in Figure 9(c-3).

Figure 9. (a) Experimental objects for adsorption experiment of the cylindrical soft actuator. (b) The state of adsorbing an experimental object using the cylindrical soft actuator. (c-1) Cylindrical soft actuator adsorbs a curved surface. (c-2,c-3) Cylindrical soft actuator adsorbs flat surfaces.

3.4. Adsorption Capacity of the Cylindrical Soft Actuator

We chose two curved surfaces with curvature k (k = 1/40 mm⁻¹, 1/65 mm⁻¹) and two flat surfaces with radius r (r = 40 mm, 65 mm) as experimental objects. The cylindrical soft actuator adsorbed an experiment object at a vacuum pressure that varied from 0 to −40 kPa at 10 kPa intervals. The cylindrical soft actuator was fixed on the upper part of the testing device, an experimental object was fixed to the force meter that pulled downward at a fixed velocity (0.5 mm/s) until the experimental object was released by the cylindrical soft actuator. Each experiment was repeated five times, and the results were averaged as shown in Figure 10. Experimental results show that the adsorption force increased along with the growth of vacuum pressure. The adsorption capacity of the cylindrical soft actuator in vertical orientation was greater than that in other orientations. With the same adsorption force, the cylindrical soft actuator buckled more easily in the horizontal orientation than in other orientations. Additionally, the cylindrical soft actuator was more suitable for adsorbing curved surfaces. The main reason is that when the cylindrical soft actuator is adsorbing a flat surface, radial shrinkage deformation of the cylindrical soft actuator increases with the increase of the negative pressure, and the excessive deformation means the cylindrical soft actuator and the flat surface cannot form a closed adsorption chamber.

Figure 10. Adsorption forces of the cylindrical soft actuator. (a) The cylindrical soft actuator adsorbs objects in the vertical orientation. (b) The cylindrical soft actuator adsorbs objects in the horizontal orientation. (c) The cylindrical soft actuator adsorbs objects in the inclined orientation.

3.5. Adsorption Range of the Detachable Sucker

To determine the adsorption range of the detachable sucker, five curved surfaces with different curvature k (k = 1/3, 1/5, 1/10, 1/20, and 1/30 mm⁻¹) and five flat surfaces with different radii r (r = 3, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mm) were chosen as experimental objects. These experimental objects were fabricated through 3D printing with PLA materials (Figure 11a). The mass of each experimental object was set as the same value, 100 g. The detachable sucker adsorbed the experimental object at a vacuum pressure of −15 kPa (Figure 11b). Each experiment was repeated five times. The picking up success rate of the detachable sucker is shown in Figure 11c. It is apparent that the success rate reaches 100% when the surface radius is equal to or exceeds 10 mm.

Figure 11. (a) Experimental objects for adsorption experiment of the detachable sucker. (b) The state of adsorbing an experimental object using the detachable sucker. (c) The success rate of picking up experimental objects using the detachable sucker.

3.6. Adsorption Capacity of the Detachable Sucker

Several groups of experiments were conducted for evaluating the adsorption capacity of the detachable sucker. The experimental objects were a cylinder (diameter: 60 mm), sphere (diameter: 60 mm), and cuboid (diameter: 60 mm), as shown in Figure 7b. The testing device and the installation method of the experimental object are shown in Figure 7a. The cylindrical soft actuator and the detachable sucker acted on an experimental object simultaneously (Figure 3b). The novel combined soft gripper was pulled upward by the sliding block at a velocity of 0.5 mm/s until separating from the experimental object. Each experiment was repeated five times, and the results were averaged, as shown in Figure 12. The red curves revealed the maximum pulling force of the cylindrical soft actuator holding an experimental object under different input air pressures. The blue curves revealed the maximum pulling force of the cylindrical soft actuator and the detachable sucker acting on an experimental object simultaneously under different input air pressures and −50 kPa vacuum pressure. Input air pressure varied from 0 to 16 kPa at 2 kPa intervals. Compared with only using a cylindrical soft actuator to grasp objects, the use of the detachable sucker improves the load capacity (average load force increased 11.4, 10.2, and 2.7 N for picking up the cylinder, cuboid, and sphere, respectively).

Figure 12. The red curves denote the maximum pulling forces of the cylindrical soft actuator that grasped experimental objects. The blue curves denote the maximum pulling forces of the cylindrical soft actuator and the detachable sucker acted on experimental objects, simultaneously. (a) A cylinder with diameter 60 mm. (b) A cuboid with diameter 60 mm. (c) A sphere with diameter 60 mm.

3.7. Application of the Novel Combined Soft Gripper

To prove that the novel combined soft gripper has high load capacity and large grasping range in practical application, we carried out several application experiments. As shown in Figure 13a and Supplementary Video S1, the cylindrical soft actuator cannot only grasp and hold a ping pong bat Figure 13(a-1), a pair of scissors Figure 13(a-2), and a glass cup Figure 13(a-3), but can also open a door Figure 13(a-4), pick up a spanner Figure 13(a-5), lift a bottle of water Figure 13(a-6), and lift a pail of water weighing up to 10.85 kg Figure 13(a-7). In addition, as illustrated in Figure 13b and Supplementary Video S2, utilizing the adsorption function, the cylindrical soft actuator can lift an iPad Figure 13(b-1), a watermelon and a grapefruit Figure 13(b-2), and a drawbar box weighing 6.85 kg Figure 13(b-3). In addition, as depicted in Figure 13c and Supplementary Video S3, the detachable sucker can pick up an egg Figure 13(c-1), a packet of biscuits Figure 13(c-2), and other objects that cannot be grasped by the cylindrical soft actuator, such as a piece of paper Figure 13(c-3), and a M6 bolt Figure 13(c-4). Furthermore, Supplementary Video S4 was added in this article to prove the applicability of the novel combined soft gripper under real-life dynamic scenarios. Application experiments showed that the novel combined soft gripper has a high load capacity and a large grasping range.

Figure 13. Application of the pneumatic novel combined soft gripper. (a-1) Picking up a ping pong bat. (a-2) Picking up a pair of scissors. (a-3) Grasping a glass cup. (a-4) Opening a door. (a-5) Picking up a spanner. (a-6) Lifting a bottle of water. (a-7) Lifting a pail of water weighing 10.85 kg. (b-1) Picking up an iPad by adsorption function. (b-2) A watermelon and a grapefruit were lifted by adsorbing. (b-3) Lifting a drawbar box weighing 6.85 kg. (c-1) Picking up an egg. (c-2) Picking up a packet of biscuits. (c-3) Picking up a piece of paper. (c-4) A M6 bolt was picked up by the detachable sucker.

Table 1 shows the maximum load capacity of the existing soft grippers and the novel combined soft robotic gripper proposed in this paper. By comparison, it is apparent that the load capacity of the novel combined soft robotic gripper is the highest at a low air pressure.

Table 1. Comparison of the maximum load capacity of soft grippers.

Soft Gripper	Lifting Weight	Air Pressure
A novel combined soft robotic gripper that proposed in this article	10.85 kg	16 kPa
A prestressed soft gripper [20]	0.075 kg	60 kPa
A dual-mode soft gripper [23]	≈0.274 kg	70 kPa
A variable stiffness gripper [32]	1.669 kg	60 kPa
A novel stiffness-programmable mechanism for soft robotics [33]	3.52 kg	300 kPa
High-Force soft printable pneumatics for soft gripper [35]	5 kg	250 kPa
Circular shell gripper [39]	5.097 kg	10 kPa
A soft ring-shaped actuator [40]	1 kg	25 kPa
High-Load soft gripper [41]	10.5 kg	180 kPa

The structure of the novel combined soft robotic gripper proposed in this article is similar to the existing ring-shaped soft robotic gripper. Compared with the existing gripper, the novel combined soft robotic gripper has a larger grasping range, as shown in Table 2; d is the diameter of the object that the soft gripper can grasp.

Table 2. Comparison of the grasping range of soft grippers.

Soft Gripper	Grasping Range
	Grasping and Holding	Adsorption
A novel combined soft robotic gripper that proposed in this article	70 mm ≥ d > 7.5 mm	d ≥ 6 mm
Circular shell gripper [39]	81 mm ≥ d ≥ 45 mm
A soft ring-shaped actuator [40]	70 mm ≥ d > 51.6 mm, 80 mm ≥ d > 58.7 mm, 90 mm ≥ d > 67.1 mm
High-Load soft gripper [41]	70.4 mm ≥ d > 24.6 mm

4. Discussion and Conclusions

In this article, inspired by sea lampreys, we designed a pneumatic novel combined soft gripper that can realize a high load capacity and a large grasping range. The novel combined soft gripper consists of a cylindrical soft actuator and a detachable sucker. The novel combined soft gripper was fabricated by means of the casting molding method. Three internal air chambers of the cylindrical soft actuator can be inflated, which enables it to grasp and hold objects. Under vacuum pressure, the cylindrical soft actuator and the detachable sucker both can adsorb and then lift objects. Based on finite element analysis, we predicted the grasping range of the cylindrical soft actuator. Experiments confirmed the validity of the finite element model. We analyzed the mechanism of holding force and adsorption force theoretically. Several groups of experiments were conducted to determine the adsorption range, holding force, and adsorption force. Application experiments were conducted to lift a variety of objects with different weights, material properties, and shapes, including a ping pong bat, a pail of water weighing 10.85 kg, an iPad, a drawbar box, an egg, a M6 bolt, and so on. Experimental results indicate that the novel combined soft gripper has high load capacity and large grasping range.

However, the load capacity of the cylindrical soft actuator in the non-vertical orientation is lower than that in the vertical orientation, because of the bending and deformation of the cylindrical soft actuator that manipulates heavy objects in the non-vertical orientation. In addition, radial shrinkage and deformation occur when the cylindrical soft actuator adsorbs objects, owing to negative pressure, which reduces the adsorption capacity of the cylindrical soft actuator. In addition, one end of the cylindrical soft actuator is closed which prevents the cylindrical soft actuator from locating along the object to the most suitable position for grasping, which reduces grasping performance. Therefore, future work will combine stiffening material with the cylindrical soft actuator to realize high load manipulating in random orientations. The structure of the cylindrical soft actuator will be optimized to improve grasping performance. Future work will also establish a theoretical model of grasping force and analyze the factors that affect grasping force.