Detection of Neospora caninum Infection in Aborted Equine Fetuses in Israel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Neospora Infection
2.3. Other Possible Causes of Abortion
2.4. Follow Up of Fertility after Documented Abortion
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experiment Design
4.2. Samples
4.3. Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) for Exposure to Neospora spp.
4.4. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Detection of Neospora spp.
4.5. Bacteriologic Examination
4.6. Virologic Examination of Fetal Tissues
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Serological Analyses of Mares | Fetal Tissue Examination | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mare | Neospora | Leptospira | Toxoplasma | IFAT Fetus | Neospora Nc5 | Neospora ITS1 | Aerobic Culture |
1 | 1:6400 | Negative | n.d. | 1:200 | Positive | Negative | *MBC |
2 | 1:100 | n.d. | n.d. | Negative | Negative | Negative | Streptococcus alpha haemolytic spp. |
3 | 1:200 | Negative | n.d. | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative |
4 | Negative | n.d. | n.d. | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative |
5 | 1:200 | Negative | 1:64 | Negative | Positive | Negative | Negative |
6 | Negative | n.d. | n.d. | Negative | Positive | Negative | n.d. |
7 | 1:50 | n.d. | n.d. | Negative | Positive | Negative | MBC |
8 | Negative | n.d. | n.d. | Negative | Negative | n.d. | MBC |
9 | Negative | n.d. | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative |
10 | 1:50 | Negative | Negative | Negative | Positive | Positive | MBC |
11 | Negative | Negative | n.d. | Negative | Negative | Negative | MBC |
12 | 1:200 | n.d. | 1:64 | Negative | Negative | Negative | MBC |
13 | 1:50 | Suspect 1:100 | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | MBC |
14 | 1:200 | Negative | 1:64 | Negative | Negative | Negative | MBC |
15 | 1:100 | Negative | 1:64 | Negative | Negative | Negative | E. coli |
16 | 1:50 | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | MBC |
17 | 1:50 | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | MBC |
18 | 1:50 | Negative | n.d. | Negative | Negative | Negative | MBC |
19 | 1:200 | Suspect 1:100 | Negative | Negative | Positive | Negative | MBC |
20 | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | Positive | Positive | MBC |
21 | 1:200 | n.d. | 1:64 | Negative | Positive | Positive | MBC |
22 | 1:50 | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | n.d. |
23 | 1:100 | Negative | n.d. | Negative | Negative | Positive | Negative |
24 | 1:50 | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | Positive | MBC |
25 | 1:50 | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | Positive | Negative |
26 | 1:50 | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | Positive | Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidermicus |
27 | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | Positive | E. coli |
28 | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | MBC |
29 | 1:100 | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | MBC |
30 | 1:50 | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | MBC |
31 | 1:50 | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | MBC |
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Description | Seroprevalence of Mares | Infection of Fetuses * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N # | N Positive (%) | Sig. | N Positive (%) | Sig. | ||
Breed | Arabian | 21 | 15 (71.4) | 1 | 9 (42.9) | 1 |
Quarter Horse | 5 | 3 (60) | 1 | 2 (40) | 1 | |
Other | 5 | 4 (80) | Ref | 2 (40) | Ref | |
Housing | Stall | 15 | 9 (60) | Ref | 7 (46.7) | Ref |
Paddock | 14 | 12 (85.7) | 0.215 | 6 (42.9) | 1 | |
Pregnancies in the past | 0 | 7 | 4 (57.1) | Ref | 3 (42.9) | Ref |
1 to 2 | 13 | 9 (69.2) | 0.651 | 8 (61.5) | 0.642 | |
3 or more | 10 | 8 (80) | 0.593 | 2 (20) | 0.593 | |
Trimester of abortion | First | 1 | 1 (100) | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Second | 11 | 6 (54.5) | 0.225 | 5 (45.5) | 1 | |
Third | 19 | 15 (78.9) | Ref | 8 (42.1) | Ref | |
Previous abortions | No | 25 | 17 (68) | Ref | 11 (44) | Ref |
Yes | 2 | 2 (100) | 1 | 1 (50) | 0.513 | |
Presence of dogs in the farm | Yes | 23 | 17 (73.9) | 0.558 | 10 (43.5) | 1 |
No | 4 | 2 (50) | Ref | 2 (50) | Ref | |
Geographical area | North | 13 | 6 (46.2) | Ref | 5 (38.5) | Ref |
Center | 14 | 12 (85.7) | 0.046 | 5 (35.7) | 1 | |
South | 4 | 4 (100) | 0.103 | 3 (75) | 0.294 | |
Total | 31 | 22 (70.9) | 13 (41.9) |
Serology of the Mare | N | Positive Nc5 | Positive ITS1 | Positive ITS1 or Nc5 | Transplacental Transmission (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive | 22 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 45.5% |
Negative | 9 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 33.3% |
Fetal Tissue | N * | Positive Nc5/NP ** | Positive ITS1/NP | Positive ITS1 or Nc5/NP (%) | Positive ITS1 or Nc5/N (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thoracic fluid | 24 | 7/12 | 4/11 # | 7/12 (58.3) | 29.2% |
Kidney | 11 | 1/6 | 2/5 | 3/6 (50) | 27% |
Brain | 21 | 3/10 | 3/10 | 5/10 (50) | 23.8% |
Spleen | 10 | 1/5 | 2/4 | 2/5 (40) | 20% |
Placenta | 14 | 1/7 | 2/4 | 2/7 (28.6) | 14% |
Lung | 8 | 1/4 | 1/3 | 1/4 (25) | 12.5% |
Liver | 12 | 0/7 | 0/6 | 0/7 (0) | 0 |
Heart | 3 | 0/3 | 0/2 | 0/3 (0) | 0 |
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Leszkowicz Mazuz, M.; Mimoun, L.; Schvartz, G.; Tirosh-Levy, S.; Savitzki, I.; Edery, N.; Blum, S.E.; Baneth, G.; Pusterla, N.; Steinman, A. Detection of Neospora caninum Infection in Aborted Equine Fetuses in Israel. Pathogens 2020, 9, 962. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110962
Leszkowicz Mazuz M, Mimoun L, Schvartz G, Tirosh-Levy S, Savitzki I, Edery N, Blum SE, Baneth G, Pusterla N, Steinman A. Detection of Neospora caninum Infection in Aborted Equine Fetuses in Israel. Pathogens. 2020; 9(11):962. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110962
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeszkowicz Mazuz, Monica, Lea Mimoun, Gili Schvartz, Sharon Tirosh-Levy, Igor Savitzki, Nir Edery, Shlomo E. Blum, Gad Baneth, Nicola Pusterla, and Amir Steinman. 2020. "Detection of Neospora caninum Infection in Aborted Equine Fetuses in Israel" Pathogens 9, no. 11: 962. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110962