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Volume 14
Issue 9
10.3390/pathogens14090847
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Communication

Major Etiological Agents Isolated from Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Outbreaks in Northern Italy

by
Camilla Torreggiani
*,
Giovanni Pupillo
,
Chiara Anna Garbarino
,
Gianluca Rugna
,
Alice Prosperi
,
Chiara Chiapponi
and
Andrea Luppi
Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pathogens 2025, 14(9), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14090847 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 7 July 2025 / Revised: 19 August 2025 / Accepted: 20 August 2025 / Published: 25 August 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

Neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) represents a major cause of economic loss in dairy cattle herds worldwide. The condition is primarily associated with several key pathogens, including enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), viral agents such as bovine rotavirus (BRV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV), and the protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of NCD-associated pathogens in Italian dairy farms over the period 2020–2022. Among the 598 farms affected by NCD and included in the investigation, ETEC strains were detected in 17.2% of cases. The prevalence of BRV, BCoV, and Cryptosporidium spp. was 22.2%, 20.2%, and 32.3%, respectively. Co-infections were also frequently observed and are considered to significantly exacerbate the clinical severity of the disease. Ongoing surveillance of NCD pathogens is essential to generate reliable and updated epidemiological data, which are critical for guiding effective control and prevention strategies.
Keywords: bovine coronavirus; bovine rotavirus; Cryptosporidium parvum; Enterotoxigenic E. coli; neonatal calf diarrhea bovine coronavirus; bovine rotavirus; Cryptosporidium parvum; Enterotoxigenic E. coli; neonatal calf diarrhea

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MDPI and ACS Style

Torreggiani, C.; Pupillo, G.; Garbarino, C.A.; Rugna, G.; Prosperi, A.; Chiapponi, C.; Luppi, A. Major Etiological Agents Isolated from Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Outbreaks in Northern Italy. Pathogens 2025, 14, 847. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14090847

AMA Style

Torreggiani C, Pupillo G, Garbarino CA, Rugna G, Prosperi A, Chiapponi C, Luppi A. Major Etiological Agents Isolated from Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Outbreaks in Northern Italy. Pathogens. 2025; 14(9):847. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14090847

Chicago/Turabian Style

Torreggiani, Camilla, Giovanni Pupillo, Chiara Anna Garbarino, Gianluca Rugna, Alice Prosperi, Chiara Chiapponi, and Andrea Luppi. 2025. "Major Etiological Agents Isolated from Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Outbreaks in Northern Italy" Pathogens 14, no. 9: 847. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14090847

APA Style

Torreggiani, C., Pupillo, G., Garbarino, C. A., Rugna, G., Prosperi, A., Chiapponi, C., & Luppi, A. (2025). Major Etiological Agents Isolated from Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Outbreaks in Northern Italy. Pathogens, 14(9), 847. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14090847

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