Predation of Cyclopoid Copepods on the Theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis: Shedding Light on Biocontrol of White Spot Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Culture and Isolation
2.2. Macro-zooplankton Collection and Identification
2.3. Fluorescent Labeling of Infective Theronts
2.4. Co-Culture and Predation Experiments
2.5. Molecular Analyses
2.6. Challenge and Infection Level Determination
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Theronts Labeled with CFDA-SE
3.2. Predation of Copepods on Theronts
3.3. Species of Zooplankton and Predators of Theronts
3.4. Intervention Effect of Macro-zooplankton on I. multifiliis Infection in Goldfish
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Code | Type | Location | Health Condition of the Fish |
---|---|---|---|
NQ1-3 | farming ponds | Nanquan Base of FFRC, Wuxi, Jiangsu | healthy |
YX1-3 | farming ponds | Nancheng Village, Yixing, Jiangsu | yellow-head catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco with serious white spot disease |
LK1 | wild water body | The Gonghu Lake, near Ping’an Bridge, Wuxi, Jiangsu | healthy |
LK2 | wild water body | The Taihu Lake, near Renzi Harbor Bridge, Wuxi, Jiangsu | healthy |
LK3 | wild water body | The Lihu Lake, near Changguangxi Bridge, Wuxi, Jiangsu | healthy |
Group Code | Water Source | Zooplankton | Theront (Cells) |
---|---|---|---|
T | 2 L aerated tap water | null | null |
T+I | 2 L aerated tap water | null | 50,000 |
T+I+Z | 2 L aerated tap water | ~1000 ind./L | 50,000 |
P | 2 L pond water | ~1000 ind./L | null |
P+I | 2 L pond water | null | 50,000 |
P+I+Z | 2 L pond water | ~1000 ind./L | 50,000 |
Species | Source | Numbers | Similar Species and Acc. No. | Sequence Similarity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paracyclopina sp. | LK2–3 | 2 | P. nana | FJ214952 | 90.62% |
Thermocyclops taihokuensis | NQ1–3 | 60 | T. taihokuensis | KR048801 | 99.22% |
LK1–3 | |||||
Macrocyclops albidus | LK2 | 1 | M. albidus | KR048794 | 99.62% |
Macrocyclops sp. | YX3 | 1 | M. distinctus | KF153695 | 98.02% |
Eucyclops roseus | KR048792 | 96.03% | |||
Mesocyclops pehpeiensis | LK2 | 2 | M. pehpeiensis | KR048797 | 99.22% |
Mesocyclops sp1. | YX1–3 | 27 | M. leuckarti | KF153692 | 93.44% |
M. pehpeiensis | KR048797 | 93.05% | |||
Mesocyclops sp2. | YX1–3 | 3 | M. leuckarti | KF153692 | 89.96% |
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Cao, Z.-Y.; Xi, B.-W.; Zhou, Q.-J.; Chen, K.; Xie, J. Predation of Cyclopoid Copepods on the Theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis: Shedding Light on Biocontrol of White Spot Disease. Pathogens 2023, 12, 860. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070860
Cao Z-Y, Xi B-W, Zhou Q-J, Chen K, Xie J. Predation of Cyclopoid Copepods on the Theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis: Shedding Light on Biocontrol of White Spot Disease. Pathogens. 2023; 12(7):860. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070860
Chicago/Turabian StyleCao, Ze-Yi, Bing-Wen Xi, Qing-Jie Zhou, Kai Chen, and Jun Xie. 2023. "Predation of Cyclopoid Copepods on the Theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis: Shedding Light on Biocontrol of White Spot Disease" Pathogens 12, no. 7: 860. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070860
APA StyleCao, Z.-Y., Xi, B.-W., Zhou, Q.-J., Chen, K., & Xie, J. (2023). Predation of Cyclopoid Copepods on the Theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis: Shedding Light on Biocontrol of White Spot Disease. Pathogens, 12(7), 860. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070860