Racial Discrimination Stress, School Belonging, and School Racial Composition on Academic Attitudes and Beliefs among Black Youth
Abstract
:1. Theoretical Framework
2. Racial Discrimination Stress as a Risk Factor
3. School Belonging as a Protective Factor
4. Racial Discrimination, School Belonging, and School Racial Composition
5. The Current Study
6. Method
6.1. Participants
6.2. Procedure
6.3. Measures
6.3.1. Demographic Information
6.3.2. Racial Discrimination Stress
6.3.3. School Belonging
6.3.4. School Racial Composition
6.3.5. Academic Competence
6.3.6. Academic Efficacy
6.3.7. Academic Skepticism
6.3.8. Covariates
6.4. Analytic Approach
7. Results
7.1. Descriptives and Correlations
7.2. Academic Competence
7.3. Academic Efficacy
7.4. Academic Skepticism
8. Discussion
8.1. Racial Discrimination Stress on Academic Attitudes and Beliefs
8.2. School Belonging Promotes Positive Academic Attitudes and Beliefs
8.3. School Belonging as a Buffer in Majority White Schools
8.4. Limitations and Future Directions
8.5. Theoretical Implications
8.6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1 | Black is an inclusive term that refers to individuals that self-identify as Black, in addition to individuals from the Caribbean and African diaspora and their descendants who have immigrated to the United States (Agyemang 2005). |
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Racial Discrimination Stress | - | |||||
2. School Belonging | 0.04 | - | ||||
3. Majority White School | 0.01 | −0.09 | - | |||
4. Academic Competence | −0.15 * | 0.23 ** | −0.05 | - | ||
5. Academic Efficacy | 0.07 | 0.26 ** | −0.04 | 0.57 ** | - | |
6. Academic Skepticism | 0.11 | −0.23 ** | −0.04 | −0.34 ** | −0.33 ** | - |
M | 1.20 | 3.55 | 0.21 | 3.27 | 4.27 | 1.78 |
SD | 0.74 | 1.10 | 0.41 | 0.57 | 0.82 | 0.94 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | B | SE | β | p | FDR | B | SE | β | p | FDR | B | SE | β | p | FDR |
Age | −0.00 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.89 | 0.89 | −0.00 | 0.02 | −0.00 | 0.96 | 0.96 | −0.00 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.92 | 0.92 |
Gender | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.49 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.43 | 0.64 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.39 | 0.64 |
Parent Education | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.10 |
RDS | −0.07 | 0.05 | −0.09 | 0.12 | 0.24 | −0.10 | 0.05 | −0.13 | 0.05 | 0.15 | −0.10 | 0.05 | −0.12 | 0.06 | 0.20 |
SB | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.26 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.23 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.23 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
MWS | −0.03 | 0.08 | −0.06 | 0.70 | 0.84 | −0.02 | 0.09 | −0.03 | 0.82 | 0.92 | −0.03 | 0.09 | −0.05 | 0.76 | 0.84 |
RDS × SB | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.27 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.52 | |||||
RDS × MWS | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.55 | 0.70 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.58 | 0.72 | |||||
SB × MWS | 0.10 | 0.09 | −0.46 | 0.22 | 0.39 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.52 | |||||
RDS × SB × MWS | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.45 | 0.64 | ||||||||||
R2 | 0.10 ** | 0.11 | 0.12 | ||||||||||||
F for change in R2 | 4.51 ** | 3.51 ** | 3.21 ** |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | B | SE | β | p | FDR | B | SE | β | p | FDR | B | SE | β | p | FDR |
Age | −0.04 | 0.034 | −0.04 | 0.35 | 0.50 | −0.04 | 0.04 | −0.04 | 0.34 | 0.64 | −0.04 | 0.04 | −0.05 | 0.26 | 0.48 |
Gender | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.42 | 0.50 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.49 | 0.65 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.35 | 0.50 |
Parent Education | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.45 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.23 |
RDS | −0.10 | 0.06 | −0.09 | 0.10 | 0.20 | −0.08 | 0.07 | −0.08 | 0.22 | 0.64 | −0.07 | 0.07 | −0.07 | 0.29 | 0.48 |
SB | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.28 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.29 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.28 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
MWS | −0.02 | 0.12 | −0.02 | 0.87 | 0.87 | −0.01 | 0.12 | −0.02 | 0.90 | 0.90 | −0.04 | 0.12 | −0.05 | 0.72 | 0.81 |
RDS × SB | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.51 | 0.65 | −0.02 | 0.07 | −0.03 | 0.73 | 0.81 | |||||
RDS × MWS | −0.15 | 0.17 | −0.14 | 0.36 | 0.64 | −0.18 | 0.17 | −0.16 | 0.28 | 0.48 | |||||
SB × MWS | −0.02 | 0.12 | −0.03 | 0.86 | 0.90 | −0.01 | 0.12 | −0.01 | 0.96 | 0.96 | |||||
RDS × SB × MWS | 0.46 | 0.19 | 0.46 | 0.01 | 0.05 | ||||||||||
R2 | 0.11 ** | 0.11 | 0.13 * | ||||||||||||
F for change in R2 | 5.03 ** | 3.49 ** | 3.81 ** |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | B | SE | β | p | FDR | B | SE | β | p | FDR | B | SE | β | p | FDR |
Age | −0.06 | 0.05 | −0.06 | 0.21 | 0.42 | −0.06 | 0.05 | −0.06 | 0.21 | 0.63 | −0.06 | 0.05 | −0.06 | 0.24 | 0.71 |
Gender | −0.11 | 0.12 | −0.12 | 0.36 | 0.44 | −0.13 | 0.13 | −0.13 | 0.32 | 0.69 | −0.13 | 0.13 | −0.14 | 0.29 | 0.71 |
Parent Education | −0.06 | 0.04 | −0.07 | 0.11 | 0.33 | −0.06 | 0.04 | −0.07 | 0.11 | 0.49 | −0.06 | 0.04 | −0.07 | 0.11 | 0.55 |
RDS | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.54 | 0.69 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.57 | 0.71 |
SB | −0.21 | 0.05 | −0.25 | <0.01 | <0.01 | −0.21 | 0.06 | −0.24 | <0.01 | <0.01 | −0.21 | 0.06 | −0.24 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
MWS | −0.11 | 0.14 | −0.12 | 0.44 | 0.44 | −0.11 | 0.145 | −0.12 | 0.45 | 0.69 | −0.10 | 0.15 | −0.11 | 0.49 | 0.71 |
RDS × SB | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.54 | 0.69 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.41 | 0.71 | |||||
RDS × MWS | −0.01 | 0.21 | −0.01 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | |||||
SB × MWS | 0.00 | 0.15 | −0.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | −0.01 | 0.15 | −0.01 | 0.97 | 0.99 | |||||
RDS × SB × MWS | −0.16 | 0.24 | −0.14 | 0.57 | 0.71 | ||||||||||
R2 | 0.08 ** | 0.08 | 0.08 | ||||||||||||
F for change in R2 | 3.42 ** | 2.30 * | 2.11 |
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Morris, K.S.; Seaton, E.K.; Iida, M.; Lindstrom Johnson, S. Racial Discrimination Stress, School Belonging, and School Racial Composition on Academic Attitudes and Beliefs among Black Youth. Soc. Sci. 2020, 9, 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9110191
Morris KS, Seaton EK, Iida M, Lindstrom Johnson S. Racial Discrimination Stress, School Belonging, and School Racial Composition on Academic Attitudes and Beliefs among Black Youth. Social Sciences. 2020; 9(11):191. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9110191
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorris, Kamryn S., Eleanor K. Seaton, Masumi Iida, and Sarah Lindstrom Johnson. 2020. "Racial Discrimination Stress, School Belonging, and School Racial Composition on Academic Attitudes and Beliefs among Black Youth" Social Sciences 9, no. 11: 191. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9110191