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Volume 15
Issue 17
10.3390/buildings15173099
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Review

Opportunities for Supplementary Cementitious Materials from Natural Sources and Industrial Byproducts: Literature Insights and Supply Assessment

by
Somayeh Nassiri
1,
Ali Azhar Butt
1,*,
Ali Zarei
1,
Souvik Roy
1,
Iyanuoluwa Filani
1,
Gandhar Abhay Pandit
1,
Angel Mateos
2,
Md Mostofa Haider
1 and
John T. Harvey
1
1
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
2
Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94804, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Buildings 2025, 15(17), 3099; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15173099 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 16 July 2025 / Revised: 22 August 2025 / Accepted: 26 August 2025 / Published: 28 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Composite Materials in Construction)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This paper reviews various emerging alternative SCMs derived from minerals and biomass sources, industrial byproducts, and underutilized waste streams. The paper compiles and evaluates physicochemical properties, reaction mechanisms in cementitious systems, resource availability, supply chain dynamics, technology readiness, the impact on concrete performance, and environmental and cost factors for each candidate SCM. Specifically, the review examines wood ash from bioenergy plants, volcanic and sedimentary natural pozzolans, and construction and demolition waste. This includes recycled concrete fines, asphalt plants’ rock dust (baghouse fines), aggregate production fines, and post-consumer waste, particularly municipal solid waste incinerator ash and wastewater sludge ash. Additionally, the paper explores innovative additives such as cellulose and chitin nanomaterials and calcium–silicate–hydrate nanoseeds to address challenges of slower strength development and rheological changes. The key contribution of this review is a multifactor framework for assessing alternative SCMs, emphasizing availability, supply chain, market readiness, and environmental performance, combined with an engineering performance review.
Keywords: supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs); concrete; cement; environmental impacts; costs; application; material properties supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs); concrete; cement; environmental impacts; costs; application; material properties

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nassiri, S.; Butt, A.A.; Zarei, A.; Roy, S.; Filani, I.; Pandit, G.A.; Mateos, A.; Haider, M.M.; Harvey, J.T. Opportunities for Supplementary Cementitious Materials from Natural Sources and Industrial Byproducts: Literature Insights and Supply Assessment. Buildings 2025, 15, 3099. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15173099

AMA Style

Nassiri S, Butt AA, Zarei A, Roy S, Filani I, Pandit GA, Mateos A, Haider MM, Harvey JT. Opportunities for Supplementary Cementitious Materials from Natural Sources and Industrial Byproducts: Literature Insights and Supply Assessment. Buildings. 2025; 15(17):3099. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15173099

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nassiri, Somayeh, Ali Azhar Butt, Ali Zarei, Souvik Roy, Iyanuoluwa Filani, Gandhar Abhay Pandit, Angel Mateos, Md Mostofa Haider, and John T. Harvey. 2025. "Opportunities for Supplementary Cementitious Materials from Natural Sources and Industrial Byproducts: Literature Insights and Supply Assessment" Buildings 15, no. 17: 3099. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15173099

APA Style

Nassiri, S., Butt, A. A., Zarei, A., Roy, S., Filani, I., Pandit, G. A., Mateos, A., Haider, M. M., & Harvey, J. T. (2025). Opportunities for Supplementary Cementitious Materials from Natural Sources and Industrial Byproducts: Literature Insights and Supply Assessment. Buildings, 15(17), 3099. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15173099

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