Microstructure of Bio-Based Building Materials: New Insights into the Hysteresis Phenomenon and Its Consequences
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Focus on Bio-Based Building Materials and Their Specificities
2.1. Microstructure
2.2. Hygroscopic Properties
2.3. Chemical Composition
2.4. Swelling and Shrinkage
2.5. Functional Properties with Age
2.6. Temperature Effects
2.7. Local Kinetic Sorption
2.8. Sorption Hysteresis
- The sorption mechanism is reversible since the original state is obtained at a dry state [57].
- Aging reduces the rate of adsorption and desorption for hemp concrete [59].
- Hysteresis increases, whereas crystallinity decreases [60].
- Water content is always higher in the desorption than in the adsorption phase for the same relative humidity.
3. From Hydrogen Bonding to Hysteresis
3.1. Hydrogen Bonding
3.2. Microscopic Understanding of Hysteresis
- Intermolecular hydrogen bonds between water molecules (HBWW);
- Intermolecular hydrogen bond between water molecules and cellulose (HBCW);
- Inter-chain hydrogen bonds in cellulose (HBCC).
4. Discussion: New Insights into Hysteresis in Bio-Sourced Materials
4.1. A Necessary New Approach
4.2. Hysteresis: From the Aggregate Scale to the Material One
- (i)
- A new water fixation mechanism
- Area 1: Water fixation on a pore surface is relatively fast because the host sites are easily accessible: HBCW bonds form on polymer surface chains or in pores of an amorphous region, and then HBWW form easily until the initial pores are filled.
- Area 2: Polymer chains open up, freeing new host sites to create HBCW bonds. In parallel, HBCC bonds break.
- Area 3: At high relative humidity, hydrogen bonds mostly form between water molecules because many host sites are occupied on polymer chains. This leads to water clusters in the new pore spaces created by the swelling of the polymer chains. Because host sites are very accessible, the associated kinetics are quite fast, as in area 1.
- (ii)
- A new description of hysteresis
4.3. Experimental Measurments
- (i)
- Protocol
- (ii)
- Dimension comparison
4.4. Macroscopic Effects
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Bonding | Bonding Energy [kJ/mol] |
---|---|
Covalent | ≈100 |
Hydrogen | ≈10 |
Van der Waals | ≈1 |
Volume V of Particleboard (cm3) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Panel 1 | Panel 2 | Panel 3 | Panel 4 | |
Dry state | 3123.1 | 2983.8 | 2433.93 | 2607.23 |
80% | 3347.1 | 3264.1 | 2578.7 | 2707.3 |
Volume increase ΔV (%) | 6.7 | 8.6 | 5.6 | 3.7 |
Observation | Origin | Explanation |
---|---|---|
Sorption mechanism is reversible. | Sorption–swelling coupling at the molecular scale in vegetal aggregate | Hydrogen bonds form and break easily, even at ambient temperature, due to their low binding energy. |
Hysteresis is more pronounced for plant-based concrete materials than for aggregates. | Because of additional origins of hysteresis in material than in aggregate, the effects are cumulative. | |
Aging reduces the rate of adsorption and desorption. | Residual water masks “host sites“: They are no longer accessible, as inhibited by the first sorption phase. | |
Swelling of the plant particles or fibers during hysteresis is irreversible. | Returning to a dry state allows the last physisorbed water to be extracted. The intercellulosic chains seem to return to their original state. In any case, there is no (or negligible) macroscopic manifestation of swelling. | |
Hysteresis increases, whereas crystallinity decreases. | The more amorphous the cellulose is, the more important the sorption–swelling coupling is. Interchain bonds cannot open in crystalline regions due to high stability. | |
Swelling and shrinkage is observed at a young age or after a period of accelerated aging. | Swelling and shrinkage are possible as soon as HBCW replaces HBCC. This potential decreases with age (inhibited sites) but remains possible given the large number of host sites in the plant aggregate. | |
There is temperature dependence of sorption curves. | Hydrogen bonding is temperature dependent. | |
Relevance of considering local sorption kinetics in bio-based materials, especially when coupled with hysteresis. | The opening/closing of the cellulose chains is probably a rather slow process that needs a kinetic factor to be taken into account in both the sorption and desorption phases. | |
Swelling is observed between the dry state and 80% RH. | The opening of the cellulose occurs from 5–10% to 80 % RH (cf. Figure 13). | |
Water content is always higher in the desorption than in the sorption phase for the same relative humidity. | More water molecules are physisorbed during desorption because they do not have the same chemical potential. |
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Rosa Latapie, S.; Abou-Chakra, A.; Sabathier, V. Microstructure of Bio-Based Building Materials: New Insights into the Hysteresis Phenomenon and Its Consequences. Buildings 2023, 13, 1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071650
Rosa Latapie S, Abou-Chakra A, Sabathier V. Microstructure of Bio-Based Building Materials: New Insights into the Hysteresis Phenomenon and Its Consequences. Buildings. 2023; 13(7):1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071650
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosa Latapie, Séverine, Ariane Abou-Chakra, and Vincent Sabathier. 2023. "Microstructure of Bio-Based Building Materials: New Insights into the Hysteresis Phenomenon and Its Consequences" Buildings 13, no. 7: 1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071650