Production of Low-Cost, High-Strength Concrete with Waste Glass as Fine Aggregates Replacement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Mix Design
2.2. Mixing and Casting Procedure
2.3. Testing
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Slump Flow
3.2. Density
3.3. Compressive Strength
3.4. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV)
3.5. Modulus of Elasticity
3.6. Split Tensile Strength
3.7. Flexure Strength
3.8. Economic Study
4. Conclusions
- In terms of density, results showed a slight decrease as the percentage of WGS increased in concrete. The density was decreased by 5% for the specimen with a 75% replacement level compared to the control specimen. Other studies reached the same conclusion regarding the density due to the lighter weight of WGS compared to QS. However, for other types of WGS where the weight of WGS is higher than the replaced sand, the density showed to slightly increase with the increase of replacement level.
- Regarding concrete workability, slump flow results showed a slight increase in the distribution diameter as the replacement percentage of WGS increased, which indicates better workability. Specimen WGS75 showed the best workability among the concrete mixes, which is similar to the findings of other studies that adopted the same replacement level. However, in other studies, it was shown that the shape of glass particles (the presence of sharp edges) could have an adverse effect on workability.
- In terms of material stiffness, results showed that the specimen with 50% waste glass sand showed the highest elasticity modulus among all specimens. The elasticity modulus was shown to increase by 7% for specimen WGS50. However, as the replacement percentage reached 75%, the elasticity modulus showed to decrease by 15% compared to the control specimen. The authors recommend the 50% replacement level for the best material stiffness.
- In terms of compressive strength, results showed that concrete specimens with a WGS replacement level of 50% had the highest compressive strength compared to the control specimen. The compressive strength was increased by 27% for specimen WGS50 compared to specimen WGS0. This was confirmed by other similar studies, which recommended a replacement level between 20–75% for the highest compressive strength. Moreover, UPV results showed the same trend where specimen WGS50 had the highest values compared to other specimens, which indicates higher compressive strength at a 50% replacement level.
- In terms of tensile strength, both split tensile and flexure tests showed that concrete with 50% WGS had the best performance in tension. Split tensile and flexure strengths for specimen WGS50 were 9% and 50% higher than control specimens, respectively. This was confirmed by other studies, which recommended replacement levels between 25% to 75% for the highest tensile and flexure strength.
- In terms of production cost, replacing sand with WGS led to decreasing the production cost by up to 8% for a replacement percentage of 75%. As for the performance/cost (P/C) ratio, it was concluded that as the replacement level of WGS increased, the P/C ratio for compressive, tensile, and flexure strength increased, which means that using WGS as sand replacement is economically feasible. However, the authors recommend a replacement level of 50% since it led to the highest P/C ratios (37% for compressive strength, 16% for split tensile strength, and 60% for flexure strength). This will help in reducing the overall construction cost since high-strength concrete is known for its high production cost
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Identification | QS | WGS | SF | QP | Cement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chemical Composition (%) | Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) | 99.43 | 71.10 | 98.86 | 99.20 | 22.8 |
Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) | 0.02 | 0.51 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 4.43 | |
Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) | 0.18 | 2.15 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 4.01 | |
Calcium Oxide (CaO) | 0.11 | 11.10 | 0.57 | 0.21 | 65.32 | |
Magnesium Oxide (MgO) | 0.01 | 1.30 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 2.07 | |
Sodium Oxide (Na2O) | - | 14.07 | 0.35 | 0.11 | 0.07 | |
Potassium Oxide (K2O) | 0.03 | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0,81 | 0.56 | |
Physical Properties | Packing Density (kg/m3) | 1536.31 | 1579.62 | - | - | - |
Mean Particle Diameter (µm) | 300 | 300 | - | - | - | |
Max. Particle Diameter (µm) | 600 | 600 | - | - | - | |
Crushing Values (%) | 94.72 | 96.71 | - | - | - |
Materials (kg/m3) | WGS0 | WGS25 | WGS50 | WGS75 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | 802 | 802 | 802 | 802 |
SF | 223 | 223 | 223 | 223 |
Water | 246 | 246 | 246 | 246 |
QS | 962 | 722 | 481 | 241 |
WGS | 0 | 241 | 481 | 722 |
QP | 241 | 241 | 241 | 241 |
HRWRA 1 | 30.75 | 30.75 | 30.75 | 30.75 |
Specimen | ft 1 (MPa) | f’c 2 (MPa) | ft/f’c |
---|---|---|---|
WGS0 | 3.79 | 46.9 | 0.081 |
WGS25 | 4.00 | 53.7 | 0.074 |
WGS50 | 4.14 | 61.3 | 0.068 |
WGS75 | 3.60 | 45.3 | 0.079 |
Material | Cost ($/m3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
WGS0 | WGS25 | WGS50 | WGS75 | |
Cement | 32.08 | 32.08 | 32.08 | 32.08 |
SF | 33.45 | 33.45 | 33.45 | 33.45 |
Water | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 |
QS | 20.00 | 15.00 | 10.00 | 5.00 |
WGS | 0.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 6.00 |
QP | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
HRWRA | 30.75 | 30.75 | 30.75 | 30.75 |
∑ | 122.53 | 119.53 | 116.53 | 113.53 |
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Jahami, A.; Khatib, J.; Raydan, R. Production of Low-Cost, High-Strength Concrete with Waste Glass as Fine Aggregates Replacement. Buildings 2022, 12, 2168. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122168
Jahami A, Khatib J, Raydan R. Production of Low-Cost, High-Strength Concrete with Waste Glass as Fine Aggregates Replacement. Buildings. 2022; 12(12):2168. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122168
Chicago/Turabian StyleJahami, Ali, Jamal Khatib, and Rabab Raydan. 2022. "Production of Low-Cost, High-Strength Concrete with Waste Glass as Fine Aggregates Replacement" Buildings 12, no. 12: 2168. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122168