The Reliability and Validity of Current Technologies for Measuring Barbell Velocity in the Free-Weight Back Squat and Power Clean
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Methodology
2.4. Equipment Setup
2.5. Data Processing
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Result
3.1. Reliability
3.1.1. Back Squat
3.1.2. Power Clean
3.2. Validity
3.2.1. Back Squat
3.2.2. Power Clean
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Practical Applications
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Device | Type | Technology | Cost (£) | Sampling Rate | Location of Device |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gymaware | Linear position transducer | Optical encoder (records displacement-time curve data in order to determine changes in bar position) | £1950 | 20 millisecond time points down-sampled to 50 Hz | Tether attachment 100 mm from the end of the right hand-side of the barbell |
Bar Sensei | Inertial measurement unit | Not reported | £305 approx. | Not reported | Placed on the left-hand side of the barbell, directly inside the collar using the sleeve provided by the manufacturer |
PUSHbody (PUSH band located on the forearm) | Wearable inertial measurement unit | 3-axis accelerometer and gyroscope providing 6 degrees of freedom in coordinate system. (Integration of acceleration data with respect to time) | £250 approx. | 1000 Hz down-sampled to 200 Hz | Worn on the right forearm immediately inferior to the elbow crease with the on/off button located proximally as suggested by the manufacturer |
PUSHbar (PUSH band located on the barbell) | Inertial measurement unit | 3-axis accelerometer and gyroscope providing 6 degrees of freedom in coordinate system. (Integration of acceleration data with respect to time) | £250 approx. | 1000 Hz down-sampled to 200 Hz | Placed on the right hand-side of the barbell, directly inside the collar using the bar sleeve provided by the manufacturer |
Beast Sensor | Wearable inertial measurement unit | 3-axis accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer. (Integration of vertical acceleration data with respect to time) | £250 approx. | 50 Hz | Worn on the superior aspect of the right wrist using a wrist band provided by the manufacturer |
MyLift (PowerLift at the time of data collection) | Smartphone application | Manual frame-by-frame inspection of slow-motion video. (Pre-defined range of motion/time inputted prior to data collection) | £9.99 | 240 Hz (720p video quality) | Located directly behind the participant and fixed in position using a tripod in order for the full barbell to be visible on the iPhone 7 (iOS 11.4.1) screen |
Load (%) | Back Squat | Power Clean | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TE (m·s−1) | CV (%) | TE (m·s−1) | CV (%) | |||||
MV | PV | MV | PV | MV | PV | MV | PV | |
Gymaware | ||||||||
40 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 3.6 | 3.7 |
50 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 3.4 | 4.9 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 2.2 | 3.7 |
60 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 2.9 | 6.0 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 2.4 | 3.1 |
70 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 4.5 | 8.3 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 3.2 | 2.5 |
80 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 7.0 | 8.6 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 3.3 | 3.8 |
90 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 9.5 | 12.6 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 8.9 | 3.9 |
100 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 13.6 | 22.0 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 4.3 | 4.0 |
Full | 0.04 | 0.10 | 9.8 | 11.3 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 4.9 | 3.3 |
PUSH Body | ||||||||
40 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 3.5 | 6.0 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 4.9 | 4.9 |
50 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 4.1 | 9.9 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 5.2 | 5.2 |
60 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 5.4 | 9.1 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
70 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 5.0 | 8.9 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 7.7 | 7.7 |
80 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 5.2 | 6.8 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 10.2 | 10.2 |
90 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 15.6 | 11.0 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 11.3 | 11.3 |
100 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 14.9 | 11.4 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 11.4 | 11.4 |
Full | 0.05 | 0.11 | 10.6 | 11.3 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 8.3 | 8.3 |
PUSH Bar | ||||||||
40 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 0.20 | 0.36 | 21.5 | 21.5 |
50 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 9.2 | 7.5 | 0.18 | 0.33 | 19.0 | 17.9 |
60 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 5.1 | 9.4 | 0.17 | 0.42 | 18.9 | 25.4 |
70 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 5.9 | 8.3 | 0.13 | 0.22 | 14.6 | 13.4 |
80 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 14.3 | 8.8 | 0.14 | 0.25 | 16.3 | 15.6 |
90 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 20.3 | 14.2 | 0.15 | 0.31 | 18.1 | 22.2 |
100 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 15.4 | 11.6 | 0.10 | 0.23 | 13.3 | 17.5 |
Full | 0.07 | 0.11 | 14.5 | 11.0 | 0.21 | 0.32 | 18.6 | 20.5 |
Bar Sensei | ||||||||
40 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 9.1 | 9.4 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 20.4 | 7.7 |
50 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 13.5 | 7.6 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 13.8 | 6.5 |
60 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 8.8 | 8.0 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 12.1 | 5.8 |
70 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 10.7 | 10.2 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 11.8 | 8.8 |
80 | 0.08 | 0.24 | 18.3 | 35.8 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 14.9 | 6.1 |
90 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 19.1 | 18.0 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 17.7 | 7.9 |
100 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 60.5 | 28.5 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 18.4 | 8.5 |
Full | 0.09 | 0.13 | 22.1 | 18.7 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 15.9 | 8.7 |
Beast Sensor | ||||||||
40 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 5.1 | 6.2 | - | - | - | - |
50 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 7.6 | 7.4 | - | - | - | - |
60 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 12.0 | 11.8 | - | - | - | - |
70 | 0.12 | 0.27 | 22.4 | 25.8 | - | - | - | - |
80 | 0.22 | 0.33 | 72.3 | 54.0 | - | - | - | - |
90 | 0.21 | 0.48 | 75.8 | 119.9 | - | - | - | - |
100 | 0.15 | 0.29 | 40.6 | 65.1 | - | - | - | - |
Full | 0.14 | 0.30 | 42.4 | 53.2 | - | - | - | - |
MyLift | ||||||||
40 | 0.04 | - | 4.2 | - | - | - | - | - |
50 | 0.03 | - | 3.7 | - | - | - | - | - |
60 | 0.04 | - | 5.5 | - | - | - | - | - |
70 | 0.03 | - | 4.9 | - | - | - | - | - |
80 | 0.04 | - | 6.8 | - | - | - | - | - |
90 | 0.05 | - | 12.6 | - | - | - | - | - |
100 | 0.03 | - | 13.8 | - | - | - | - | - |
Full | 0.05 | - | 9.7 | - | - | - | - | - |
Load (%) | R2 | Slope (95% CI) | Intercept (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MV | PV | MV | PV | MV | PV | |
Gymaware | ||||||
40 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 1.010 (0.824, 1.196) | 1.033 (0.896, 1.170) | −0.027 (−0.221, 0.167) | −0.042 (−0.263, 0.178) |
50 | 0.95 | 0.98 | 0.990 (0.808, 1.172) | 0.971 (0.866, 1.075) | −0.004 (−0.173, 0.166) | 0.054 (−0.100, 0.209) |
60 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.046 (0.931, 1.160) | 0.983 (0.908, 1.059) | −0.056 (−0.152, 0.040) | 0.031 (−0.073, 0.136) |
70 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 1.073 (0.917, 1.229) | 0.957 (0.870, 1.044) | −0.060 (−0.172, 0.052) | 0.067 (−0.040, 0.174) |
80 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.990 (0.892, 1.088) | 0.979 (0.885, 1.073) | −0.002 (−0.061, 0.058) | 0.040 (−0.064, 0.144) |
90 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 1.014 (0.943, 1.084) | 0.910 (0.761, 1.059) | −0.014 (−0.048, 0.020) | 0.110 (−0.040, 0.261) |
100 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.965 (0.826, 1.104) | 0.936 (0.813, 1.059) | −0.001 (−0.042, 0.039) | 0.066 (−0.043, 0.174) |
Full | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.991 (0.979, 1.004) | 0.970 (0.931, 1.009) | −0.005 (−0.014, 0.003) | 0.054 (−0.003, 0.110) |
PUSH Body | ||||||
40 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.968 (0.730, 1.207) | 1.026 (0.819, 1.233) | 0.031 (−0.214, 0.275) | 0.051 (−0.265, 0.368) |
50 | 0.96 | 0.76 | 0.975 (0.816, 1.134) | 0.852 (0.459, 1.245) | 0.022 (−0.125. 0.168) | 0.291 (−0.261, 0.844) |
60 | 0.95 | 0.45 | 0.813 (0.659, 0.967) † | 0.648 (0.069, 1.227) | 0.160 (0.035, 0.285) * | 0.562 (−0.170, 1.294) |
70 | 0.88 | 0.60 | 0.842 (0.594, 1.090) | 0.723 (0.238, 1.208) | 0.128 (−0.043, 0.300) | 0.425 (−0.127, 0.976) |
80 | 0.92 | 0.37 | 0.746 (0.569, 0.922) † | 0.482 (−0.033, 0.997) † | 0.153 (0.048, 0.259) * | 0.638 (0.114, 1.162) * |
90 | 0.79 | 0.53 | 0.624 (0.365, 0.883) † | 0.912 (0.217, 1.607) | 0.173 (0.048, 0.298) * | 0.227 (−0.380, 0.835) |
100 | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.790 (0.247, 1.333) | 1.320 (0.195, 2.445) | 0.004 (−0.184, 0.193) | −0.144 (−0.956, 0.727) |
Full | 0.97 | 0.80 | 1.028 (0.984, 1.072) | 0.994 (0.918, 1.070) | −0.025 (−0.057, 0.007) | 0.133 (0.053, 0.213) |
PUSH Bar | ||||||
40 | 0.69 | 0.91 | 1.224 (0.835, 1.613) | 1.185 (0.894, 1.476) | −0.326 (−0.755, 0.102) | −0.271 (−0.735, 0.193) |
50 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 1.000 (0.814, 1.186) | 1.063 (0.763, 1.362) | −0.062 (−0.245, 0.120) | −0.019 (−0.444, 0.405) |
60 | 0.83 | 0.84 | 0.757 (0.479, 1.036) | 0.881 (0.574, 1.188) | 0.143 (−0.106, 0.393) | 0.212 (−0.196, 0.621) |
70 | 0.84 | 0.80 | 1.082 (0.691, 1.473) | 1.091 (0.655, 1.528) | −0.135 (−0.440, 0.170) | −0.019 (−0.525, 0.487) |
80 | 0.87 | 0.60 | 0.745 (0.505, 0.985) † | 0.818 (0.271, 1.365) | 0.099 (−0.061, 0.259) | 0.267 (−0.308, 0.842) |
90 | 0.92 | 0.56 | 0.858 (0.657, 1.059) | 0.951 (0.257, 1.644) | 0.010 (−0.098, 0.118) | 0.128 (−0.525, 0.781) |
100 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.661 (−0.013, 1.335) | 0.890 (0.027, 1.752) | 0.023 (−0.236, 0.282) | 0.100 (−0.652, 0.851) |
Full | 0.97 | 0.86 | 1.010 (0.969, 1.050) | 0.982 (0.888, 1.076) | −0.082 (−0.115, −0.050) * | 0.078 (−0.037, 0.193) |
Bar Sensei | ||||||
40 | 0.82 | 0.96 | 0.702 (0.437, 0.968) † | 0.840 (0.051, 0.509) † | 0.352 (0.098, 0.607) * | 0.280 (0.051, 0.509) * |
50 | 0.75 | 0.93 | 0.599 (0.313, 0.885) † | 0.784 (0.605, 0.962) † | 0.394 (0.143, 0.645) * | 0.377 (0.123, 0.631) * |
60 | 0.67 | 0.82 | 0.660 (0.285, 1.035) | 0.968 (0.599, 1.336) | 0.303 (0.009, 0.597) * | 0.163 (−0.302, 0.628) |
70 | 0.86 | 0.66 | 0.778 (0.520, 1.035) | 0.825 (0.346, 1.303) | 0.188 (0.015, 0.361) * | 0.372 (−0.135, 0.880) |
80 | 0.66 | 0.52 | 0.871 (0.362, 1.380) | 0.680 (0.144, 1.217) | 0.121 (−0.156, 0.398) | 0.566 (0.120, 1.012) * |
90 | 0.23 | 0.10 | 0.309 (−0.147, 0.765) † | 0.332 (−0.470, 1.133) | 0.326 (0.112, 0.540) * | 0.777 (0.191, 1.362) * |
100 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.359 (−0.233, 0.950) † | 0.132 (−0.807, 0.171) † | 0.147 (−0.056, 0.349) | 0.737 (0.171, 1.303) * |
Full | 0.87 | 0.80 | 1.028 (0.945, 1.111) | 0.712 (0.625, 0.799) † | 0.010 (−0.048, 0.068) | 0.485 (0.386, 0.583) * |
Beast Sensor | ||||||
40 | 0.64 | 0.10 | 0.646 (0.250, 1.042) | 0.319 (−0.442, 1.080) | 0.354 (−0.058, 0.765) | 1.079 (−0.193, 2.351) |
50 | 0.71 | 0.12 | 0.719 (0.347, 1.091) | 0.470 (−0.590, 1.531) | 0.282 (−0.048, 0.612) | 0.763 (−0.849, 2.375) |
60 | 0.49 | 0.00 | 0.414 (0.067, 0.761) † | 0.038 (−0.857, 0.933) † | 0.511 (0.250, 0.771) * | 1.320 (0.100, 2.539) * |
70 | 0.46 | 0.00 | 0.499 (0.062, 0.936) † | −0.097 (−1.043, 0.848) † | 0.406 (0.139, 0.673) * | 1.353 (0.165, 2.541) * |
80 | 0.58 | 0.02 | 0.499 (0.154, 0.844) † | 0.345 (−1.716, 2.407) | 0.377 (0.224, 0.531) * | 0.742 (−1.716, 2.952) |
90 | 0.12 | 0.58 | 0.271 (−0.172, 0.713) † | 0.927 (0.281, 1.574) | 0.368 (0.199, 0.538) * | 0.273 (−0.252, 0.798) |
100 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.236 (−0.146, 0.619) † | 0.385 (−0.357, 1.127) | 0.188 (0.041, 0.335) * | 0.626 (0.141, 1.110) * |
Full | 0.80 | 0.57 | 0.835 (0.736, 0.933) † | 0.622 (0.493, 0.751) † | 0.159 (0.092, 0.227) * | 0.506 (0.346, 0.667) * |
MyLift | ||||||
40 | 0.96 | - | 1.161, (0.934, 1.388) | - | −0.142 (−0.370, 0.086) | - |
50 | 0.94 | - | 1.052 (0.833, 1.271) | - | −0.036 (−0.234, 0.163) | - |
60 | 0.88 | - | 0.847 (0.591, 1.104) | - | 0.133 (−0.075, 0.341) | - |
70 | 0.95 | - | 0.936 (0.768, 1.104) | - | 0.055 (−0.063, 0.173) | - |
80 | 0.93 | - | 0.884 (0.694, 1.074) | - | 0.070 (−0.043, 0.183) | - |
90 | 0.92 | - | 1.004 (0.766, 1.243) | - | 0.003 (−0.109, 0.114) | - |
100 | 0.85 | - | 1.004 (0.658, 1.351) | - | 0.001 (−0.096, 0.097) | - |
Full | 0.99 | - | 1.017 (0.992, 1.042) | - | −0.003 (−0.021, 0.015) | - |
Load (%) | R2 | Slope (95% CI) | Intercept (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MV | PV | MV | PV | MV | PV | |
Gymaware | ||||||
40 | 0.93 | 0.91 | 1.165 (0.913, 1.417) | 1.067 (0.787, 1.348) | −0.254 (−0.598, 0.090) | −0.172 (−0.841, 0.498) |
50 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.944 (0.768, 1.120) | 1.042 (0.806, 1.279) | 0.042 (−0.192, 0.277) | −0.110 (−0.660, 0.441) |
60 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.900 (0.731, 1.068) | 0.974 (0.798, 1.150) | 0.096 (−0.119, 0.312) | 0.044 (−0.347, 0.435) |
70 | 0.78 | 0.95 | 0.788 (0.443, 1.133) | 1.061 (0.869, 1.253) | 0.235 (−0.180, 0.650) | −0.133 (−0.545, 0.280) |
80 | 0.86 | 0.91 | 0.831 (0.553, 1.110) | 1.058 (0.801, 1.314) | 0.167 (−0.148, 0.482) | −0.119 (−0.641, 0.403) |
90 | 0.42 | 0.86 | 0.553 (0.023, 1.082) | 0.949 (0.641, 1.257) | 0.463 (−0.087, 1.014) | 0.110 (−0.480, 0.700) |
100 | 0.64 | 0.86 | 0.848 (0.334, 1.361) | 0.879 (0.589, 1.170) | 0.140 (−0.358, 0.368) | 0.243 (−0.275, 0.762) |
Full | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.956 (0.902, 1.009) | 0.967 (0.918, 1.017) | 0.032 (−0.030, 0.94) | 0.069 (−0.036, 0.174) |
PUSH Body | ||||||
40 | 0.38 | 0.27 | 0.713 (−0.021, 1.448) | 0.655 (−0.229, 1.540) | 0.431 (−0.498, 1.360) | 1.213 (−0.351, 2.777) |
50 | 0.50 | 0.43 | 0.485 (0.088, 0.881) † | 0.663 (0.041, 1.285) | 0.702 (0.214, 1.191) * | 1.173 (0.102, 2.244) * |
60 | 0.50 | 0.24 | 0.529 (0.103, 0.955) † | 0.629 (−0.279, 1.537) | 0.625 (0.123, 1.127) * | 1.164 (−0.332, 2.661) |
70 | 0.66 | 0.43 | 0.407 (0.167, 0.647) † | 0.641 (0.043, 1.239) | 0.703 (0.461, 0.999) * | 1.149 (0.212, 2.086) * |
80 | 0.54 | 0.27 | 0.274 (0.067, 0.481) † | 0.426 (−0.140, 0.992) † | 0.823 (0.607, 1.039) * | 1.414 (0.589, 2.239) * |
90 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.341 (0.118, 0.565) † | 0.609 (0.201, 1.017) | 0.719 (0.508, 0.930) * | 1.126 (0.589, 1.663) * |
100 | 0.34 | 0.66 | 0.327 (−0.048, 0.702) † | 0.803 (0.329, 1.277) | 0.677 (0.350, 1.005) * | 0.833 (0.254, 1.412) * |
Full | 0.72 | 0.65 | 0.694 (0.591, 0.797) † | 0.808 (0.664, 0.951) † | 0.412 (0.298, 0.525) * | 0.884 (0.663, 1.105) * |
PUSH Bar | ||||||
40 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.923 (0.334, 1.512) | 0.515 (0.166, 0.863) † | 0.302 (−0.357, 0.961) | 1.329 (0.617, 2.042) |
50 | 0.54 | 0.11 | 0.502 (0.121, 0.882) † | 0.256 (−0.331, 0.843) † | 0.755 (0.342, 1.168) | 1.807 (0.652, 2.961) |
60 | 0.50 | 0.68 | 0.662 (0.126, 1.119) | 1.070 (0.478, 1.662) | 0.568 (0.017, 1.119) | 0.216 (−0.883, 1.316) |
70 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.227 (−0.102, 0.556) † | 0.140 (−0.256, 0.535) † | 0.951 (0.611, 1.291) | 1.889 (1.148, 2.629) |
80 | 0.35 | 0.06 | 0.242 (−0.026, 0.510) † | 0.128 (−0.281, 0.537) † | 0.872 (0.610, 1.134) | 1.808 (1.089, 2.527) |
90 | 0.41 | 0.26 | 0.395 (0.010, 0.780) † | 0.391 (−0.144, 0.926) † | 0.703 (0376, 1.031) | 1.349 (0.562, 2.137) |
100 | 0.23 | 0.60 | 0.286 (−0.138, 0.710) † | 0.579 (0.197, 0.961) † | 0.725 (0.372, 1.077) | 0.966 (0.407, 1.525) |
Full | 0.62 | 0.48 | 0.765 (0.621, 0.910) † | 0.536 (0.400, 0.672) † | 0.414 (0.270, 0.558) | 1.169 (0.925, 1.412) |
Bar Sensei | ||||||
40 | 0.82 | 0.47 | 0.761 (0.478, 1.045) | 0.591 (0.079, 1.103) | 0.218 (−0.198, 0.634) | 0.753 (−0.650, 2.156) |
50 | 0.82 | 0.22 | 0.621 (0.386, 0.856) † | 0.428 (−0.222, 1.077) | 0.439 (0.113, 0.765) * | 1.212 (−0.455, 2.879) |
60 | 0.73 | 0.61 | 0.520 (0.262, 0.777) † | 0.623 (0.218, 1.028) | 0.545 (0.197, 0.894) * | 0.706 (−0.269, 1.681) |
70 | 0.04 | 0.50 | 0.081 (−0.243, 0.405) † | 0.502 (0.095, 0.910) † | 1.085 (0.693, 1.478) * | 0.990 (0.047, 1.934) * |
80 | 0.07 | 0.69 | 0.110 (−0.198, 0.417) † | 0.582 (0.267, 0.897) † | 0.985 (0.645, 1.326) * | 0.781 (0.102, 1.460) * |
90 | 0.18 | 0.84 | 0.213 (−0.151, 0.577) † | 0.678 (0.442, 0.913) † | 0.821 (0.449, 1.193) * | 0.592 (0.128, 1.055) * |
100 | 0.02 | 0.57 | −0.071 (−0.460, 0.318) † | 0.507 (0.145, 0.869) † | 1.029 (0.657, 1.400) * | 0.866 (0.190, 1.542) * |
Full | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.569 (0.486, 0.652) † | 0.608 (0.522, 0.693) † | 0.479 (0.377, 0.580) * | 0.726 (0.528, 0.924) * |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Thompson, S.W.; Rogerson, D.; Dorrell, H.F.; Ruddock, A.; Barnes, A. The Reliability and Validity of Current Technologies for Measuring Barbell Velocity in the Free-Weight Back Squat and Power Clean. Sports 2020, 8, 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8070094
Thompson SW, Rogerson D, Dorrell HF, Ruddock A, Barnes A. The Reliability and Validity of Current Technologies for Measuring Barbell Velocity in the Free-Weight Back Squat and Power Clean. Sports. 2020; 8(7):94. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8070094
Chicago/Turabian StyleThompson, Steve W., David Rogerson, Harry F. Dorrell, Alan Ruddock, and Andrew Barnes. 2020. "The Reliability and Validity of Current Technologies for Measuring Barbell Velocity in the Free-Weight Back Squat and Power Clean" Sports 8, no. 7: 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8070094