Olfactory Learning in the Stingless Bee Melipona eburnea Friese (Apidae: Meliponini)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Olfactory Conditioning of Harnessed Bees Using the Proboscis Extension Reflex (PER)
2.2. Olfactory Conditioning of Free-Moving (fm) Bees Using the Proboscis Extension Reflex PER (fmPER)
2.3. Effect of Reward and Previous Scent–Reward Experience on Olfactory PER Conditioning
3. Results
Effect of Reward and Previous Scent–Reward Experience on Olfactory PER Conditioning
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experiment Number | Experiment Code | Bee Sample (n Size) | Conditioned Stimulus (CS) SCENT | Unconditioned Stimulus (US) REWARD | Previous Scent–Reward Experience | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 1 | Day 2 | |||
1 | MMU | 9 | 9 | M | M | U | U | Same |
2 | GGU | 11 | 9 | G | G | U | U | Same |
3 | MMS | 9 | 9 | M | M | S | S | Same |
4 | GGS | 10 | 4 | G | G | S | S | Same |
5 | MGU | 10 | 8 | M | G | U | U | Different |
6 | GMU | 11 | 11 | G | M | U | U | Different |
7 | GMS | 12 | 11 | G | M | S | S | Different |
8 | MGS | 11 | 11 | M | G | S | S | Different |
Parameter | Estimate | Standard Error | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | −3.2982 | 0.6096 | <0.0001 |
Trials | 0.6948 | 0.1080 | <0.0001 |
Reward_Unscented | −2.9399 | 0.6415 | <0.0001 |
Odor | −1.3128 | 0.5529 | <0.05 |
Parameter | Estimate | Standard Error | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | −5.5531 | 1.1041 | <0.0001 |
Trials | 0.8618 | 0.1755 | <0.0001 |
Experience_Same | 5.6107 | 1.3137 | <0.0001 |
Odor_Mango | −1.6141 | 0.8397 | ns |
Trials:Experience_Same | −0.6227 | 0.2128 | <0.01 |
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Amaya-Márquez, M.; Tusso, S.; Hernández, J.; Jiménez, J.D.; Wells, H.; I. Abramson, C. Olfactory Learning in the Stingless Bee Melipona eburnea Friese (Apidae: Meliponini). Insects 2019, 10, 412. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10110412
Amaya-Márquez M, Tusso S, Hernández J, Jiménez JD, Wells H, I. Abramson C. Olfactory Learning in the Stingless Bee Melipona eburnea Friese (Apidae: Meliponini). Insects. 2019; 10(11):412. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10110412
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmaya-Márquez, Marisol, Sergio Tusso, Juan Hernández, Juan Darío Jiménez, Harrington Wells, and Charles I. Abramson. 2019. "Olfactory Learning in the Stingless Bee Melipona eburnea Friese (Apidae: Meliponini)" Insects 10, no. 11: 412. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10110412