Coexistence of Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome with Coronary–Pulmonary Arterial Fistula and Other Multiple Coronary Artery Anomalies

Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS) encompasses a spectrum of heterogeneous, heritable disorders affecting connective tissue. According to the 2017 international classification of EDS, there are 13 subtypes. A rare 14th subtype was found in 2018. Each subtype has unique aspects, and a genetic cause has been identified in all subtypes except hypermobile EDS [1]. Clinical manifestations arise from the pervasive fragility and weakness of the soft connective tissue. Apart from manifestations in the skin, ligaments, joint and internal organs, there are subtypes of EDS which affect blood vessels and cardiac valves. These subtypes confer a higher risk of cardiac valve insufficiency, aneurysms, dissections, or ruptures of arteries, including coronary ruptures [2]. The estimated prevalence of EDS approximates 194.2 cases per 100,000 individuals [3]. Here, we present a case of a 34-year-old man with normal body weight, with hypermobile EDS, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chest deformity, aortic valve regurgitation, and aortic bulb aneurysm characterized by an axial diameter measuring approximately 5 cm (Figure 1). The patient had severe rotational scoliosis of the Th-L spine, with a significant deepening of the thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis. There was a decrease in the AP dimension of the chest, a deformation of the ribs with a decrease in the width of some intercostal spaces, and a secondary widening of the width of other intercostal spaces. The patient underwent elective spine surgery to correct severe rotational scoliosis of the T-L spine. After postoperative rehabilitation, the patient underwent a thorough assessment of eligibility for aortic bulb aneurysm and aortic valve replacement surgeries. Consequently, a coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) was performed five months after the spinal surgical intervention. The CCTA revealed an absence of the left main (LM) and the right coronary artery (RCA) dominance. Significantly, the left circumflex artery (LCx) exhibited an ectopic origin from the right sinus of the valsalva, demonstrating a retroaortic course in the proximal segment and a typical course in the distal segments (Figure 2). Furthermore, the presence of a coronary–pulmonary arterial fistula (CPAF) in the CCTA was visualized. A vessel with an approximate diameter of 0.3 cm originated from the right sinus of the valsalva and progressed anteriorly and then towards the left, traversing anteriorly to the right ventricular outflow tract. Thereafter, this vessel was visible to the left of the main pulmonary artery, ultimately divided into multiple narrow segmentally aneurysmally dilated and tortuous fistula vessels. The fistula vessels showed communication with the proximal segment of the main pulmonary artery (Figure 3). Moreover, the imaging revealed the presence of an additional right pulmonary vein (Figure 4). The CCTA revealed calcifications within the aortic valve. The patient received a qualification card for surgical treatment, was informed about the high surgical risk, and is awaiting the operation.

To our knowledge, the coexistence of EDS with developmental anomalies of the coronary arteries remains ultra-rare. One paper mentions a patient with coexistent EDS and CPAF [4]. Coronary anomalies are mostly detected incidentally during coronary angiography. An absence of the LMS is the most common coronary anomaly, with an incidence ranging between 0.41 and 0.67%. An ectopic origin of the LCx from the right sinus of the valsalva or from the proximal RCA is the second-most-common coronary artery anomaly, with a frequency of 0.37% [5]. The prevalence of CPAF spans from 0.32% to 0.68%, and usually has no clinical significance. Nevertheless, it bears the potential for complications encompassing myocardial ischemia, pulmonary hypertension, congestive heart failure, and the development of coronary aneurysms [6]. Owing to factors including the presence of aneurysmally dilated and tortuous vessels within the framework of the CPAF, the concurrent existence of these anomalies with EDS necessitates specialized patient monitoring. The causal role of EDS in the occurrence of this type of anomaly should also be further investigated.