Splenic Torsion in Heterotaxy Syndrome with Left Isomerism: A Case Report and Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Detailed Case Description
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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References | Age | Gender | Total Number of Spleens (Torsion Spleens) | Associating Anomalies |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ackerman et al., 1982 [29] | 7 | F | 3 (1) | VSD, Malrotation, |
Lachmann et al., 2006 [28] | 9 | F | No description (1) | Right-sided IVC |
Rasool 2011 [30] | 2 days | F | 7 (1) | Type I jejunal atesia, malrotation |
Dash et al., 2013 [31] | 12 | M | 5 (1) | Dextrocardia |
Fujiwara M et al., 2019 [27] | 10 | F | 2 (1) | AVSD |
Morphological Features | Left Isomerism | Right Isomerism | |
---|---|---|---|
Cardiovascular and pulmonary anomalies | Heart position | Any position (Dextrocardia, Mesocardia, Levocardia) | Mesocardia is common; can be on either side (left or right) |
Atrial appendage | Both atrial appendages are of left atrial morphology | Both atrial appendages are of right atrial morphology | |
Atrial septum | From intact septum to common atrium | Usually large primum and secundum ASD | |
Atrioventricular valve | Two valves or AVSD type | Single or atresia | |
Ventricle position | D-looping | Inverted | |
Great arteries position | Generally normal; TGA, DORV are occasional (50%) | TGA, DORV are common (>90%) | |
Ventricular outflow obstruction |
|
| |
Conduction system | Sinoatrial node may be absent (bradycardia/AV block) | Two sinoatrial nodes may be present (tachyarrhythmias) | |
Pulmonary veins | Can be normal; PAPVC (> 50%), TAPVC (around 10%) | Obstructed TAPVC (>50%) | |
Lung and bronchi | Bilateral bilobed lung with hyparterial bronchi (90%) | Bilateral trilobed lung with eparterial bronchi (90%) | |
Systemic veins |
|
| |
Anomalies in abdominal cavity | Spleen | Multiple (polysplenia) | Absent (asplenia) |
Liver | Midline (asymmetrical) | Midline (symmetrical) | |
Stomach | Usually right-sided | Near midline (right or left) | |
Bowel malrotation | Common | More common |
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Cheang, I.N.; Fu, Y.-W.; Chin, T.-W.; Hsu, Y.-J.; Wu, C.-Y. Splenic Torsion in Heterotaxy Syndrome with Left Isomerism: A Case Report and Literature Review. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 2920. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12122920
Cheang IN, Fu Y-W, Chin T-W, Hsu Y-J, Wu C-Y. Splenic Torsion in Heterotaxy Syndrome with Left Isomerism: A Case Report and Literature Review. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(12):2920. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12122920
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheang, I Nok, Yu-Wei Fu, Tai-Wai Chin, Yao-Jen Hsu, and Chin-Yen Wu. 2022. "Splenic Torsion in Heterotaxy Syndrome with Left Isomerism: A Case Report and Literature Review" Diagnostics 12, no. 12: 2920. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12122920
APA StyleCheang, I. N., Fu, Y.-W., Chin, T.-W., Hsu, Y.-J., & Wu, C.-Y. (2022). Splenic Torsion in Heterotaxy Syndrome with Left Isomerism: A Case Report and Literature Review. Diagnostics, 12(12), 2920. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12122920