Assessing the Relationship of Different Levels of Pain to the Health Status of Long-Term Breast Cancer Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Variables
2.2.1. Demographic, Clinical, and Medical Data Collection
2.2.2. Pain Measures
2.2.3. Cancer-Related Fatigue
2.2.4. Physical Activity Level
2.2.5. Fitness Condition
2.2.6. Mood State
2.2.7. Health-Related Quality of Life
2.2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
3.2. Pain
3.3. Cancer-Related Fatigue
3.4. Physical Activity Level
3.5. Fitness Condition
3.6. Mood State
3.7. Health-Related Quality of Life
3.8. Correlation Analysis
3.9. Multiple Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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LTBCSs’ Level of Pain in the Affected Arm | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | No Pain (NP) | Mild Pain (MP) | Moderate to Severe Pain (MTSP) | p/x2 |
0–0.99 (VAS) | 1–3.99 (VAS) | 4–10 (VAS) | ||
(n = 29) | (n = 24) | (n = 27) | ||
Mean age ± SD, years | 51.12 ± 8.74 | 45.00 ± 6.82 | 50.51 ± 7.00 | 0.16 a |
Mean weight ± SD, kg | 69.77 ± 9.81 | 63.85 ± 7.24 | 67.97 ± 9.58 | 0.08 a |
Mean height ± SD, cm | 161.27 ± 6.22 | 160.51 ± 4.99 | 159.97 ± 6.51 | 0.70 a |
Mean body mass index ± SD, kg/m2 | 26.84 ± 3.61 | 24.88 ± 3.34 | 26.69 ± 4.41 | 0.16 a |
Mean time since diagnosis ± SD, months | 87.46 ± 26.30 | 96.20 ± 31.43 | 89.88 ± 31.39 | 0.57 a |
Mean time since the first surgery ± SD, months | 85.50 ± 26.73 | 91.70 ± 32.06 | 87.14 ± 31.99 | 0.76 a |
Marital status, n (%) | ||||
Unmarried | 5 (17.2) | 5 (20.8) | 4 (14.8) | 0.52 b |
Married | 20 (68.9) | 16 (66.6) | 16 (59.3) | |
Divorced | 2 (6.8) | 2 (8.33) | 5 (18.5) | |
Widowed | 2 (6.8) | 1 (4.16) | 2 (7.4) | |
Educational level, n (%) | ||||
Primary school | 14 (48.2) | 7 (29.1) | 15 (55.6) | 0.18 b |
Secondary school | 6 (20.6) | 5 (20.8) | 6 (22.2) | |
University | 9 (31) | 12 (50) | 6 (22.2) | |
Employment status, n (%) | ||||
Housewife | 9 (31) | 8 (33.3) | 8 (29.6) | 0.58 b |
Currently working | 9 (31) | 5 (20.8) | 3 (11.1) | |
Sick leave | 9 (31) | 9 (37.5) | 12 (44.4) | |
Retired | 2 (6.8) | 2 (8.33) | 4 (14.8) | |
Tumor stage, n (%) | ||||
I | 9 (31) | 7 (29.1) | 7 (25.9) | 0.86 b |
II | 15 (51.7) | 14 (58.3) | 17 (63) | |
IIIa | 5 (17.2) | 3 (12.5) | 3 (11.1) | |
Dominant side, n (%) | ||||
Right-sided | 24 (82.7) | 20 (83.3) | 25 (92.6) | 0.62 b |
Left-sided | 5 (17.2) | 4 (16.6) | 2 (7.4) | |
Tumor location, n (%) | ||||
Right side | 9 (31) | 8 (33.3) | 9 (33.3) | 0.47 b |
Left side | 20 (68.9) | 13 (54.1) | 16 (59.3) | |
Bilateral | 0 (18.2) | 3 (12.5) | 2 (7.4) | |
Tumor location on dominant side, n (%) | ||||
No | 13 (44.8) | 10 (41.6) | 9 (33.3) | 0.59 b |
Yes | 16 (55.1) | 14 (58.3) | 18 (66.7) | |
Tobacco consumption, n (%) | ||||
Non-consumption | 13 (44.8) | 12 (50) | 15 (50) | 0.76 b |
Smoker | 6 (20.6) | 7 (29.1) | 6 (23.8) | |
Ex-smoker | 10 (34.4) | 5 (20.8) | 6 (26.3) | |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | ||||
Non-consumption | 6 (20.6) | 7 (29.1) | 17 (63) | 0.06 b |
Monthly | 8 (27.5) | 6 (25) | 5 (18.5) | |
Weekly | 15 (51.7) | 7 (29.1) | 4 (14.8) | |
Daily | 0 (0) | 4 (16.6) | 1 (3.7) | |
Family history of breast cancer, n (%) | ||||
No | 13 (44.8) | 13 (54.1) | 13 (48.1) | 0.52 b |
Yes | 16 (55.1) | 11 (45.8) | 14 (51.9) | |
Menopause, n (%) | ||||
No | 3 (10.3) | 6 (25) | 4 (14.8) | 0.52 b |
Yes | 26 (89.6) | 18 (75) | 23 (85.2) | |
Type of treatment, n (%) | ||||
None | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.17 b |
Radiotherapy | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (11.1) | |
Chemotherapy | 2 (6.8) | 6 (25) | 2 (7.4) | |
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy | 27 (93.1) | 18 (75) | 22 (81.5) | |
Surgery, n (%) | ||||
Lumpectomy | 10 (34.4) | 3 (12.5) | 2 (7.4) | 0.06 b |
Quadrantectomy | 17 (58.6) | 9 (37.5) | 12 (44.4) | |
Unilateral mastectomy | 1 (3.4) | 10 (41.6) | 11 (40.7) | |
Bilateral mastectomy | 1 (3.4) | 2 (8.3) | 2 (7.4) | |
Type of medication, n (%) | ||||
None | 10 (34.4) | 4 (16.6) | 4 (14.8) | 0.06 b |
Tamoxifen | 8 (27.5) | 14 (58.3) | 10 (37) | |
Other types | 11 (37.9) | 6 (25) | 13 (48.1) | |
Metastasis, n (%) | ||||
No | 24 (82.7) | 18 (75.00) | 23 (85.2) | 0.59 b |
Yes | 5 (17.2) | 6 (25.00) | 4 (14.8) | |
Recurrence, n (%) | ||||
No | 23 (79.3) | 16 (66.6) | 27 (100) | 0.06 b |
Yes | 6 (20.6) | 8 (33.3) | 0 (0) | |
Currently seeing a psychologist or in the last three months, n (%) | ||||
No | 20 (68.9) | 8 (33.3) | 11 (40.7) | 0.98 b |
Yes | 9 (31) | 16 (66.6) | 16 (59.3) | |
Currently seeing a physiotherapist or in the last three months, n (%) | ||||
No | 9 (31) | 8 (33.3) | 10 (37) | 0.88 b |
Yes | 20 (68.9) | 16 (66.6) | 17 (63) |
Variables | LTBCSs’ Level of Pain in the Affected Arm | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Pain (NP) | Mild Pain (MP) | Moderate to Severe Pain (MTSP) | ||||||||
0–0.99 | 1–3.99 | 4–10 | ||||||||
(VAS) | (VAS) | (VAS) | p-Values | COHEN’S d | p-Values | COHEN’S d | p-Values | COHEN’S d | ||
(n = 29) | (n = 24) | (n = 27) | NP vs. MP | NP vs. MP | NP vs. MTSP | NP vs. MTSP | MP vs. MTSP | MP vs. MTSP | ||
VAS (cm), mean ± SD, median; IQR, and (95% CI) a | ||||||||||
Non-affected arm | 0.30 ± 1.21 0.00; 0.00 | 0.30 ± 0.57 0.00; 0.75 | 3.74 ± 3.41 3.65; 7.00 | 0.07 | 0 | <0.01 ** | 1.34 | <0.01 ** | 1.39 | |
(−0.12–0.73) | (0.03–0.56) | (2.38–5.09) | ||||||||
BPI, mean ± SD, median; IQR, and (95% CI) a | ||||||||||
Interference | 0.75 ± 1.70 0.00; 0.64 (0.85–3.25) | 2.05 ± 2.56 0.57; 4.46 (0.85–3.25) | 3.56 ± 2.94 3.43; 5.29 (2.39–4.72) | 0.01 * | 0.59 | <0.01 ** | 1.17 | 0.08 | 0.54 | |
PFS domains, mean ± SD, median; IQR, and (95% CI) a | ||||||||||
Behavioral/Severity | 1.84 ± 2.49 0.33; 3.40 (0.96–2.73) | 3.32 ± 2.73 3.66; 6.00 (2.04–4.59) | 4.14 ± 2.95 3.50; 5.16 (2.97–5.31) | 0.05 * | 0.56 | <0.01 ** | 0.84 | 0.32 | 0.28 | |
Affective | 1.53 ± 2.53 0.00; 1.60 (0.63–2.43) | 3.93 ± 2.82 4.40; 5.00 (2.61–5.25) | 5.05 ± 3.05 5.80; 4.20 (3.84–6.26) | <0.01 ** | 0.89 | <0.01 ** | 1.06 | 0.16 | 0.38 | |
Sensory | 1.69 ± 2.41 0.40; 3.00 (0.83–2.54) | 4.40 ± 2.94 5.40; 5.20 (3.02–5.77) | 4.97 ± 2.88 5.40; 4.40 (3.83–6.10) | <0.01 ** | 1.00 | <0.01 ** | 1.23 | 0.57 | 0.19 | |
Cognitive/Mood | 1.77 ± 2.49 0.50; 2.42 (0.88–2.65) | 3.21 ± 2.48 3.25; 4.80 (2.05–4.37) | 4.94 ± 2.92 5.17; 5.00 (3.78–6.10) | 0.01 * | 0.57 | <0.01 ** | 1.16 | 0.04 * | 0.63 | |
Total fatigue score | 1.72 ± 2.37 0.64; 2.78 (0.88–2.56) | 3.68 ± 2.44 4.41; 4.34 (2.53–4.82) | 4.79 ± 2.70 4.82; 3.78 (3.72–5.86) | <0.01 ** | 0.81 | <0.01 ** | 1.20 | 0.22 | 0.43 | |
PFS (Cut-score type A), (%) b | ||||||||||
No fatigue | 0–0.9 | 17 (58.6) | 5 (20.8) | 3 (11.1) | <0.01 ** | - | <0.01 ** | - | 0.373 | - |
Mild | 1–3.9 | 7 (24.1) | 6 (25) | 7 (25.9) | ||||||
Moderate | 4–6.9 | 3 (10.3) | 11 (45.8) | 11 (40.7) | ||||||
Severe | 7–10 | 2 (6.8) | 2 (8.3) | 6 (22.2) | ||||||
PFS (Cut-score type B), (%) b | ||||||||||
No fatigue | 0–0.9 | 17 (58.6) | 5 (20.8) | 3 (11.1) | 0.14 | - | <0.01 ** | - | 0.71 | - |
Mild | 1–2.9 | 5 (17.2) | 5 (29.1) | 5 (18.5) | ||||||
Moderate | 3–5.9 | 5 (17.2) | 7 (29.1) | 11 (40.7) | ||||||
Severe | 6–10 | 2 (6.8) | 7 (20.8) | 8 (29.6) | ||||||
MLTPA (MET hour/week), n (%) b | ||||||||||
Inactive (≤3) | 4 (13.7) | 6 (25) | 11 (40.7) | 0.47 | - | 0.05 * | - | 0.52 | - | |
Low active (3.1–7.4) | 11 (37.9) | 11 (45.8) | 10 (37) | |||||||
Active (≥7.5) | 14 (48.2) | 7 (29.1) | 6 (22.2) | |||||||
EVEA, mean ± SD, median; IQR, and (95% CI) a | ||||||||||
Sadness–depression | 1.88 ± 2.63 0.75; 3.38 (0.95–2.82) | 2.80 ± 2.42 2.00; 3.88 (1.66–3.93) | 4.26 ± 2.47 4.25; 3.00 (3.28–5.24) | 0.04 * | 0.36 | <0.01 ** | 0.93 | 0.04 * | 0.59 | |
Anxiety | 2.25 ± 2.25 1.50; 2.88 (1.45–3.05) | 2.52 ± 2.54 1.75; 3.56 (1.33–3.71) | 4.42 ± 2.60 4.75; 3.75 (3.39–5.45) | 0.76 | 0.11 | <0.01 ** | 0.89 | 0.01 * | 0.73 | |
Anger–hostility | 1.46 ± 2.07 0.50; 2.50 (0.73–2.20) | 1.78 ± 1.82 1.25; 2.75 (0.93–2.64) | 3.54 ± 2.91 2.75; 4.50 (2.39–4.69) | 0.24 | 0.16 | <0.01 ** | 0.82 | 0.03 * | 0.72 | |
Happiness | 5.88 ± 2.54 6.00; 4.13 (4.98–6.78) | 5.17 ± 2.25 4.75; 3.94 (4.12–6.22) | 6.73 ± 9.90 4.75; 4.00 (2.81–10.64) | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.11 | 0.86 | 0.21 |
LTBCSs’ Level of Pain in the Affected Arm | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | No Pain (NP) | Mild Pain (MP) | Moderate to Severe Pain (MTSP) | ||||||
0–0.99 | 1–3.99 | 4–10 | |||||||
(VAS) | (VAS) | (VAS) | p-Values | COHEN’S d | p-Values | COHEN’S d | p-Values | COHEN’S d | |
(n = 29) | (n = 24) | (n = 27) | NP vs. MP | NP vs. MP | NP vs. MTSP | NP vs. MTSP | MP vs. MTSP | MP vs. MTSP | |
Functioning Scales QLQ-C30, mean ± SD, median; IQR, and (95% CI) | |||||||||
Physical functioning | 32.82 ± 17.97 33.33; 0.00 (27.60–38.04) | 29.98 ± 10.25 33.33; 0.00 (25.18–34.77) | 33.33 ± 27.73 33.33; 33.33 (22.36–44.30) | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.73 | 0.02 | 0.80 | 0.16 |
Role functioning | 91.54 ± 10.82 93.33; 13.33 (87.70–95.38) | 81.33 ± 23.25 86.67; 18.33 (70.45–92.21) | 69.64 ± 21.19 73.33; 26.67 (61.25–78.02) | 0.04 * | 0.56 | <0.01 ** | 2.85 | 0.01 * | 0.53 |
Emotional functioning | 91.91 ± 16.20 100.00; 16.67 (86.17–97.66) | 79.99 ± 29.91 100.00; 33.33 (65.99–93.99) | 63.58 ± 34.29 66.67; 66.67 (50.01–77.14) | 0.12 | 0.49 | <0.01 ** | 1.05 | 0.06 | 0.51 |
Cognitive functioning | 72.72 ± 29.92 75.00; 41.67 (62.11–83.33) | 75.41 ± 17.82 75.00; 31.26 (67.07–83.76) | 47.83 ± 32.81 50.00; 58.33 (34.85–60.82) | 0.70 | 0.10 | <0.01 ** | 0.79 | <0.01 ** | 1.04 |
Social functioning | 74.24 ± 28.59 83.33; 50.00 (64.10–84.37) | 67.49 ± 22.60 66.67; 33.33 (56.92–78.07) | 42.59 ± 30.42 33.33; 50.00 (30.55–54.63) | 0.20 | 0.26 | <0.01 ** | 1.07 | <0.01 ** | 0.93 |
Symptom Scales QLQ-C30, mean ± SD, median; IQR, and (95% CI) | |||||||||
Fatigue | 55.55 ± 34.59 66.67; 50.00 (41.87–69.24) | 76.66 ± 21.89 75.00; 33.33 (66.41–86.91) | 83.83 ± 29.60 100.00; 25.00 (73.34–94.33) | 0.06 | 0.72 | <0.01 ** | 0.88 | 0.03 * | 0.27 |
Nausea and vomiting | 21.88 ± 25.53 11.11; 33.33 (12.83–30.93) | 39.44 ± 30.68 33.33; 44.45 (25.08–53.81) | 52.26 ± 30.78 44.44; 44.45 (40.08–64.44) | 0.02 * | 0.62 | <0.01 ** | 1.07 | 0.15 | 0.42 |
Pain | 5.55 ± 19.83 0.00; 0.00 (−1.47–12.58) | 8.33 ± 19.11 0.00; 0.00 (−0.61–17.28) | 9.25 ± 15.56 0.00; 16.67 (3.10–15.41) | 0.28 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.55 | 0.05 |
Single Items QLQ-C30, mean ± SD, median; IQR, and (95% CI) | |||||||||
Dyspnea | 21.21 ± 26.11 16.67; 33.33 (11.95–30.47) | 37.50 ± 26.96 33.33; 33.33 (24.87–50.12) | 61.11 ± 29.59 66.67; 50.00 (49.40–72.81) | 0.01 * | 0.61 | <0.01 ** | 1.42 | <0.01 ** | 0.83 |
Insomnia | 10.10 ± 17.64 0.00; 33.33 (3.84–16.35) | 21.66 ± 32.93 0.00; 33.33 (6.25–37.08) | 40.74 ± 35.00 33.33; 66.67 (26.89–54.58) | 0.24 | 0.43 | <0.01 ** | 1.10 | 0.04 * | 0.56 |
Appetite loss | 43.43 ± 32.79 33.33; 50.01 (31.80–55.06) | 49.16 ± 37.25 50.00; 70.83 (31.72–66.60) | 59.25 ± 32.46 66.67; 66.67 (46.41–72.10) | 0.56 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.48 | 0.36 | 0.29 |
Constipation | 9.09 ± 22.47 0.00; 0.00 (1.12–17.05) | 18.33 ± 31.48 0.00; 33.33 (3.59–33.06) | 9.87 ± 24.13 0.00; 0.00 (0.32–19.42) | 0.17 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.30 |
Diarrhea | 12.62 ± 23.20 0.00; 33.33 (4.39–20.85) | 23.33 ± 34.37 0.00; 33.33 (7.24–39.41) | 41.97 ± 32.80 33.33; 66.67 (28.99–54.95) | 0.26 | 0.37 | <0.01 ** | 1.03 | 0.03 * | 0.55 |
Financial difficulties | 6.06 ± 17.58 0.00; 0.00 (−0.17–12.29) | 11.66 ± 24.83 0.00; 25.00 (0.04–23.29) | 19.75 ± 26.56 0.00; 33.33 (9.24–30.26) | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.02 * | 0.61 | 0.17 | 0.31 |
Global Health Status QLQ-C30, mean ± SD, median; IQR, and (95% CI) | |||||||||
Global health status | 17.17 ± 29.01 0.00; 33.33 (6.88–27.45) | 18.33 ± 29.56 0.00; 33.33 (4.49–32.17) | 33.45 ± 40.19 33.33; 66.67 (17.55–49.35) | 0.80 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.46 | 0.15 | 0.43 |
Summary Score QLQ-C30, mean ± SD, median; IQR, and (95% CI) | |||||||||
Summary score | 73.50 ± 11.39 75.73; 9.73 (69.45–77.54) | 66.13 ± 16.02 69.81; 24.80 (58.63–73.63) | 55.91 ± 14.43 59.23; 20 (50.20–61.62) | 0.10 | 0.53 | <0.01 ** | 1.35 | 0.01 * | 0.67 |
Functional Scales QLQ-BR23, mean ± SD, median; IQR, and (95% CI) | |||||||||
Body image | 76.26 ± 20.31 75.00; 33.33 (69.05–83.46) | 60.83 ± 19.13 62.50; 31.25 (51.87–69.78) | 50.30 ± 19.40 50.00; 33.34 (42.63–57.98) | 0.01 * | 0.78 | <0.01 ** | 1.30 | 0.10 | 0.55 |
Sexual functioning | 86.36 ± 22.03 100.00; 16.67 (78.55–94.17) | 71.66 ± 28.27 75.00; 56.25 (58.43–84.90) | 70.06 ± 31.96 83.33; 58.33 (57.41–82.70) | 0.02 * | 0.58 | 0.03 * | 0.59 | 0.93 | 0.05 |
Sexual enjoyment | 23.23 ± 20.38 33.33; 33.33 (16.00–30.46) | 21.66 ± 16.31 33.33; 33.33 (14.03–29.29) | 20.37 ± 25.45 16.67; 33.33 (10.29–30.44) | 0.89 | 0.09 | 0.64 | 0.12 | 0.47 | 0.06 |
Future perspective | 33.33 ± 25.00 33.33; 0.00 (24.46–42.19) | 31.66 ± 22.87 33.33; 25.00 (20.95–42.37) | 30.86 ± 27.62 33.33; 33.33 (19.93–41.78) | 0.96 | 0.07 | 0.85 | 0.09 | 0.69 | 0.03 |
Symptom Scales QLQ-BR23, mean ± SD, median; IQR, and (95% CI) | |||||||||
Systemic therapy side effects | 67.67 ± 34.84 66.67; 33.33 (55.32–80.03) | 45.00 ± 40.86 33.33; 91.67 (25.87–64.12) | 45.67 ± 37.15 33.33; 66.67 (30.98–60.37) | 0.05 * | 0.60 | 0.03 * | 0.61 | 0.93 | 0.02 |
Breast symptoms | 18.43 ± 19.25 14.29; 19.05 (11.60–25.25) | 27.85 ± 22.18 23.81; 23.81 (17.47–38.24) | 41.62 ± 20.22 28.10; 33.82 (33.62–49.62) | 0.06 | 0.45 | <0.01 ** | 1.17 | 0.01 * | 0.6 |
Arm symptoms | 10.35 ± 14.88 8.33; 16.67 (5.07–15.63) | 19.58 ± 19.17 16.67; 16.67 (10.61–28.55) | 50.30 ± 27.97 50.00; 41.67 (39.24–61.37) | 0.03 * | 0.54 | <0.01 ** | 1.78 | <0.01 ** | 1.28 |
Upset by hair loss | 14.14 ± 22.95 0.00; 22.22 (6.00–22.27) | 25.55 ± 15.33 33.33; 22.22 (18.37–32.73) | 58.02 ± 30.56 44.44; 55.56 (45.93–70.11) | <0.01 ** | 0.58 | <0.01 ** | 1.62 | <0.01 ** | 1.46 |
Model | Variables/Predictors | β | 95% CI | t | p-Values | Linear Regression Equation Y = a + bX |
Model 1 (r² = 0.497) | Upset by hair loss (QLQ-C30) | 0.70 | 0.04 ± 0.07 | 8.78 | <0.01 ** | Pain in the affected arm = 0.43 + (0.05 * Upset by hair loss) |
Model 2 (r² = 0.580) | Upset by hair loss (QLQ-C30) | 0.58 | 0.03 ± 0.06 | 7.35 | <0.01 ** | Pain in the affected arm = −0.09 + (0.04 * Upset by hair loss) + (0.25 * Affective domain) |
Affective domain (PFS) | 0.31 | 0.12 ± 0.38 | 3.89 | <0.01 ** | ||
Model 3 (r² = 0.614) | Upset by hair loss (QLQ-C30) | 0.53 | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 6.62 | <0.01 ** | Pain in the affected arm = −0.40 + (0.04 * Upset by hair loss) + (−0.18 * Affective domain) + (0.01 * Dyspnea) |
Affective domain (PFS) | 0.22 | 0.04 ± 0.32 | 2.70 | <0.01 ** | ||
Dyspnea (QLQ-C30) | 0.22 | 0.00 ± 0.03 | 2.60 | 0.01 * | ||
Model 4 (r² = 0.646) | Upset by hair loss (QLQ-C30) | 0.52 | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 6.78 | <0.01 ** | Pain in the affected arm = 0.31 + (0.04 * Upset by hair loss) + (0.11 * Affective domain) + (0.01 * Dyspnea) + (0.51 * Alcohol consumption) |
Affective domain (PFS) | 0.16 | −0.04 ± 0.26 | 1.93 | 0.05 * | ||
Dyspnea (QLQ-C30) | 0.22 | 0.05 ± 0.07 | 2.79 | <0.01 ** | ||
Alcohol consumption | −0.19 | −0.905 ± −0.012 | 2.61 | 0.01 * |
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Álvarez-Salvago, F.; Figueroa-Mayordomo, M.; Molina-García, C.; Pujol-Fuentes, C.; Atienzar-Aroca, S.; de Diego-Moreno, M.; Medina-Luque, J. Assessing the Relationship of Different Levels of Pain to the Health Status of Long-Term Breast Cancer Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Study. Life 2025, 15, 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15020177
Álvarez-Salvago F, Figueroa-Mayordomo M, Molina-García C, Pujol-Fuentes C, Atienzar-Aroca S, de Diego-Moreno M, Medina-Luque J. Assessing the Relationship of Different Levels of Pain to the Health Status of Long-Term Breast Cancer Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Study. Life. 2025; 15(2):177. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15020177
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁlvarez-Salvago, Francisco, Maria Figueroa-Mayordomo, Cristina Molina-García, Clara Pujol-Fuentes, Sandra Atienzar-Aroca, Manuel de Diego-Moreno, and Jose Medina-Luque. 2025. "Assessing the Relationship of Different Levels of Pain to the Health Status of Long-Term Breast Cancer Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Study" Life 15, no. 2: 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15020177
APA StyleÁlvarez-Salvago, F., Figueroa-Mayordomo, M., Molina-García, C., Pujol-Fuentes, C., Atienzar-Aroca, S., de Diego-Moreno, M., & Medina-Luque, J. (2025). Assessing the Relationship of Different Levels of Pain to the Health Status of Long-Term Breast Cancer Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Study. Life, 15(2), 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15020177