Chronothyroidology: Chronobiological Aspects in Thyroid Function and Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Elementary Glossary of Chronobiology
2.1. Main Characteristics of Biological Rhythms
2.2. Synchronizing Factors of Rhythms
3. Chronobiology and Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis
3.1. Physiological Aspects
3.2. Chrono-Organization of Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis
3.2.1. Physiological Aspects
3.2.2. Pathophysiological Aspects
3.3. Light/Darkness and Thyroid Function
3.4. Ultradian Rhythms of TSH and Thyroid Hormones
3.5. Infradian Rhythms: Seasonality of HPT Axis Secretions
4. Interrelationship between Disorders of Chrono-Organization and Thyroid Diseases
4.1. Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases and Circadian System
4.2. Thyroid Dysfunctions and Circadian Clock
4.3. Circadian Clock and Thyroid Malignancy
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Light/darkness cycle |
Sleep/wake alternations |
Periodic food intake |
Social environment |
Physical and mental work |
Appropriate energy variability |
Individual chronotype |
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Bellastella, G.; Maiorino, M.I.; Scappaticcio, L.; De Bellis, A.; Mercadante, S.; Esposito, K.; Bellastella, A. Chronothyroidology: Chronobiological Aspects in Thyroid Function and Diseases. Life 2021, 11, 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11050426
Bellastella G, Maiorino MI, Scappaticcio L, De Bellis A, Mercadante S, Esposito K, Bellastella A. Chronothyroidology: Chronobiological Aspects in Thyroid Function and Diseases. Life. 2021; 11(5):426. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11050426
Chicago/Turabian StyleBellastella, Giuseppe, Maria Ida Maiorino, Lorenzo Scappaticcio, Annamaria De Bellis, Silvia Mercadante, Katherine Esposito, and Antonio Bellastella. 2021. "Chronothyroidology: Chronobiological Aspects in Thyroid Function and Diseases" Life 11, no. 5: 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11050426
APA StyleBellastella, G., Maiorino, M. I., Scappaticcio, L., De Bellis, A., Mercadante, S., Esposito, K., & Bellastella, A. (2021). Chronothyroidology: Chronobiological Aspects in Thyroid Function and Diseases. Life, 11(5), 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11050426