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27 December 2025

Fractional Black–Scholes Under Memory Effects: A Sixth-Order Local RBF–FD Scheme with Integrated Multiquadric Kernels

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1
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
3
School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066104, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Axioms2026, 15(1), 24;https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms15010024 
(registering DOI)
This article belongs to the Special Issue Fractional Differential Equation and Its Applications

Abstract

In this work, a high-order meshless framework is developed for the numerical resolution of the temporal–fractional Black–Scholes equation arising in option pricing with long-memory effects. The spatial discretization is carried out with a local radial basis function produced finite difference (RBF–FD) method on seven-node stencils. Analytical differentiation weights are constructed by employing closed-form second integrations of a variant of the inverse multiquadric kernel, which yields sparse differentiation matrices. Explicit formulas are derived for both first- and second-order operators, and a detailed truncation error analysis confirms sixth-order convergence in space. Numerical experiments for European options discuss better accuracy per spatial node than standard finite difference schemes.

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