Mineralogical Analysis of Mortars in the Walls of Ávila (Spain) and Its Surroundings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Geological and Climatological Setting
2.2. Materials
2.3. Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
- —
- Alteration of mortars mainly due to humidification and salt concentrations. In addition, other biogeochemical processes have occurred, such as biological weathering (the role of lichens).
- —
- The use of different raw materials for the construction and for numerous restoration events throughout the history of the city.
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mineral (%) | East Wall (52 samples) | South Wall (1 sample) | Nord Wall (2 samples) | San Pedro (22 samples) | San Andrés (1 sample) | Tiro Pichón (6 samples) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quartz | Average | 20.87 | 11 | 25.50 | 28.41 | 20 | 14.33 |
Min-Max | 3-65 | 21-30 | 10-75 | 5-21 | |||
Phyllosilicates | Average | 4.35 | 1 | traces | 1.45 | 6 | 15.83 |
Min-Max | n.d.-19 | traces-18 | 7-42 | ||||
Na, Ca feldspars | Average | 28.96 | n.d. | 14.50 | 18.41 | 37 | 38.67 |
Min-Max | n.d.-58 | 14-15 | 3-62 | 6-50 | |||
K feldspars | Average | 21.56 | 1 | 14 | 24.45 | 25 | 26 |
Min-Max | traces-48 | 9-19 | traces-68 | traces-54 | |||
Calcite | Average | 23.15 | 87 | 4.50 | 23.91 | 11 | 0.17 |
Min-Max | n.d.-29 | n.d.-9 | traces-65 | traces-1 |
Oxides | Thenardite | Amorphous Deposit | Rounded Grains |
---|---|---|---|
Na2O | 37.25 | 43.78 | 32.15 |
SO3 | 36.32 | n.d. | 9.34 |
K2O | 14.04 | 19.97 | 47.04 |
Cl− | 12.39 | 36.24 | 11.47 |
Oxides | Thenardite | K-feldspar | Hexahydrite | Chloride | Mica | Sulphate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Na2O | 45.18 | n.d. | 14.24 | 28.70 | n.d. | 11.75 |
MgO | n.d. | n.d. | 4.13 | n.d. | 8.11 | 4.35 |
SO3 | 17.04 | n.d. | 33.54 | n.d. | n.d. | 55.82 |
K2O | 18.81. | 24.13 | 15.66 | 28.24 | 10.02 | 20.56 |
Cl− | 8.77 | 1.11 | 11.06 | 43.06 | n.d. | 1.76 |
Al2O3 | n.d. | 13.55 | n.d. | n.d. | 12.55 | n.d. |
SiO2 | 3.09 | 61.21 | 3.18 | n.d. | 39.26 | 2.35 |
CaO | n.d. | n.d. | 18.19 | n.d. | n.d. | 3.40 |
Fe2O2 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 25.02 | n.d. |
TiO2 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 5.04 | n.d. |
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de Soto García, I.S.; de Soto García, M.d.l.R.; García Giménez, R. Mineralogical Analysis of Mortars in the Walls of Ávila (Spain) and Its Surroundings. Minerals 2019, 9, 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9060381
de Soto García IS, de Soto García MdlR, García Giménez R. Mineralogical Analysis of Mortars in the Walls of Ávila (Spain) and Its Surroundings. Minerals. 2019; 9(6):381. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9060381
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Soto García, Isabel Sonsoles, María de los Reyes de Soto García, and Rosario García Giménez. 2019. "Mineralogical Analysis of Mortars in the Walls of Ávila (Spain) and Its Surroundings" Minerals 9, no. 6: 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9060381