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Symmetry, Volume 7, Issue 2 (June 2015) – 41 articles , Pages 284-1150

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1681 KiB  
Review
Symmetry-Breaking as a Paradigm to Design Highly-Sensitive Sensor Systems
by Antonio Palacios, Visarath In and Patrick Longhini
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 1122-1150; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7021122 - 19 Jun 2015
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6036
Abstract
A large class of dynamic sensors have nonlinear input-output characteristics, often corresponding to a bistable potential energy function that controls the evolution of the sensor dynamics. These sensors include magnetic field sensors, e.g., the simple fluxgate magnetometer and the superconducting quantum interference device [...] Read more.
A large class of dynamic sensors have nonlinear input-output characteristics, often corresponding to a bistable potential energy function that controls the evolution of the sensor dynamics. These sensors include magnetic field sensors, e.g., the simple fluxgate magnetometer and the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), ferroelectric sensors and mechanical sensors, e.g., acoustic transducers, made with piezoelectric materials. Recently, the possibilities offered by new technologies and materials in realizing miniaturized devices with improved performance have led to renewed interest in a new generation of inexpensive, compact and low-power fluxgate magnetometers and electric-field sensors. In this article, we review the analysis of an alternative approach: a symmetry-based design for highly-sensitive sensor systems. The design incorporates a network architecture that produces collective oscillations induced by the coupling topology, i.e., which sensors are coupled to each other. Under certain symmetry groups, the oscillations in the network emerge via an infinite-period bifurcation, so that at birth, they exhibit a very large period of oscillation. This characteristic renders the oscillatory wave highly sensitive to symmetry-breaking effects, thus leading to a new detection mechanism. Model equations and bifurcation analysis are discussed in great detail. Results from experimental works on networks of fluxgate magnetometers are also included. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry Breaking)
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319 KiB  
Article
An Extended Detailed Investigation of First and Second Order Supersymmetries for Off-Shell N = 2 and N = 4 Supermultiplets
by Sylvester James Gates, Jr., James Parker, Vincent G. J. Rodgers, Leo Rodriguez and Kory Stiffler
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 1080-1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7021080 - 16 Jun 2015
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5533
Abstract
This paper investigates the d = 4, N = 4 Abelian, global Super-Yang Mills system (SUSY-YM). It is shown how the N = 2 Fayet Hypermultiplet (FH) and N = 2 vector multiplet (VM) are embedded within. The central charges and internal symmetries [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the d = 4, N = 4 Abelian, global Super-Yang Mills system (SUSY-YM). It is shown how the N = 2 Fayet Hypermultiplet (FH) and N = 2 vector multiplet (VM) are embedded within. The central charges and internal symmetries provide a plethora of information as to further symmetries of the Lagrangian. Several of these symmetries are calculated to second order. It is hoped that investigations such as these may yield avenues to help solve the auxiliary field closure problem for d = 4, N = 4, SUSY-YM and the d = 4, N = 2 Fayet-Hypermultiplet, without using an infinite number of auxiliary fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supersymmetry 2014)
22478 KiB  
Article
Symmetry Extraction in High Sensitivity Melanoma Diagnosis
by Elyoenai Guerra-Segura, Carlos M. Travieso-González, Jesús B. Alonso-Hernández, Antonio G. Ravelo-García and Gregorio Carretero
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 1061-1079; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7021061 - 15 Jun 2015
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5747
Abstract
Melanoma diagnosis depends on the experience of doctors. Symmetry is one of the most important factors to measure, since asymmetry shows an uncontrolled growth of cells, leading to melanoma cancer. A system for melanoma detection in diagnosing melanocytic diseases with high sensitivity is [...] Read more.
Melanoma diagnosis depends on the experience of doctors. Symmetry is one of the most important factors to measure, since asymmetry shows an uncontrolled growth of cells, leading to melanoma cancer. A system for melanoma detection in diagnosing melanocytic diseases with high sensitivity is proposed here. Two different sets of features are extracted based on the importance of the ABCD rule and symmetry evaluation to develop a new architecture. Support Vector Machines are used to classify the extracted sets by using both an alternative labeling method and a structure divided into two different classifiers which prioritize sensitivity. Although feature extraction is based on former works, the novelty lies in the importance given to symmetry and the proposed architecture, which combines two different feature sets to obtain a high sensitivity, prioritizing the medical aspect of diagnosis. In particular, a database provided by Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín was tested, obtaining a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 66.66% using a leave-one-out validation method. These results show that 66.66% of biopsies would be avoided if this system is applied to lesions which are difficult to classify by doctors. Full article
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845 KiB  
Article
Kinematic Skeleton Based Control of a Virtual Simulator for Military Training
by Soyeon Lee, Sangjoon Park, Kyoil Chung and Choongho Cho
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 1043-1060; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7021043 - 11 Jun 2015
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5533
Abstract
Virtual simulation technology has been considered as a highly efficient and cost-effective solution for a soldier training system, and evolved into diverse combinations of hardware and software. To maximize the virtual reality effect within a restricted space, a locomotion interface such as an [...] Read more.
Virtual simulation technology has been considered as a highly efficient and cost-effective solution for a soldier training system, and evolved into diverse combinations of hardware and software. To maximize the virtual reality effect within a restricted space, a locomotion interface such as an omni-directional treadmill is introduced as a major component of a virtual simulator, therefore real time interaction between human and the virtual simulator becomes very important. Displacement and heading changes of the trainee are crucial information to control the virtual simulator when we implement highly reactive motion control for the omni-directional treadmill and interaction control of the virtual contents. This paper proposes a control parameter estimation algorithm for the virtual training simulator by using two types of motion capture sensors and presents the experimental results. Kinematic joint positions are analyzed to estimate the trainee’s location and velocity for feedback and feedforward control of the omni-directional treadmill. The accuracy of two approaches is evaluated by comparing with the reference system, which gives a ground truth value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Symmetry Modelling and Services in Future IT Environments)
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251 KiB  
Editorial
Symmetry Best Paper Award 2015
by Sergei D. Odintsov
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 1040-1042; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7021040 - 08 Jun 2015
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3772
Abstract
In order to recognize outstanding papers that have been published in Symmetry, the Editorial Board established an annual “Symmetry Best Paper Award”. We are pleased to announce the first “Symmetry Best Paper Award” for 2015. Nominations were selected by the [...] Read more.
In order to recognize outstanding papers that have been published in Symmetry, the Editorial Board established an annual “Symmetry Best Paper Award”. We are pleased to announce the first “Symmetry Best Paper Award” for 2015. Nominations were selected by the Editorial Board Office, with all research articles published in 2013 and 2014 eligible for consideration. Following review and voting by the Symmetry Best Paper Award Committee, the following three papers have won Symmetry Best Paper Awards for 2015: Full article
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647 KiB  
Article
Development of Patient Status-Based Dynamic Access System for Medical Information Systems
by Chang Won Jeong, Vathana Ban, Kwon Ha Yoon and Su Chong Joo
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 1028-1039; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7021028 - 08 Jun 2015
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5619
Abstract
Recently, the hospital information system environment using IT communication technology and utilization of medical information has been increasing. In the medical field, the medical information system only supports the transfer of patient information to medical staff through an electronic health record, without information [...] Read more.
Recently, the hospital information system environment using IT communication technology and utilization of medical information has been increasing. In the medical field, the medical information system only supports the transfer of patient information to medical staff through an electronic health record, without information about patient status. Hence, it needs a method of real-time monitoring for the patient. Also, in this environment, a secure method in approaching healthcare through various smart devices is required. Therefore, in this paper, in order to classify the status of the patients, we propose a dynamic approach of the medical information system in a hospital information environment using the dynamic access control method. Also, we applied the symmetric method of AES (Advanced Encryption Standard). This was the best encryption algorithm for sending and receiving biological information. We can define usefulness as the dynamic access application service based on the final result of the proposed system. The proposed system is expected to provide a new solution for a convenient medical information system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Symmetry Modelling and Services in Future IT Environments)
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3236 KiB  
Article
Supersymmetric Displaced Number States
by Fredy R. Zypman
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 1017-1027; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7021017 - 05 Jun 2015
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4459
Abstract
We introduce, generate and study a family of supersymmetric displaced number states (SDNS) that can be considered generalized coherent states of the supersymmetric harmonic oscillator. The family is created from the seminal supersymmetric boson-fermion entangling annihilation operator introduced by Aragone and Zypman and [...] Read more.
We introduce, generate and study a family of supersymmetric displaced number states (SDNS) that can be considered generalized coherent states of the supersymmetric harmonic oscillator. The family is created from the seminal supersymmetric boson-fermion entangling annihilation operator introduced by Aragone and Zypman and later expanded by Kornbluth and Zypman. Using the momentum representation, the states are obtained analytically in compact form as displaced supersymmetric number states. We study their position-momentum uncertainties, and their bunchiness by classifying them according to their Mandel Q-parameter in phase space. We were also able to find closed form analytical representations in the space and number basis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supersymmetry 2014)
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34569 KiB  
Article
Multi-Classifier Based on a Query-by-Singing/Humming System
by Gi Pyo Nam and Kang Ryoung Park
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 994-1016; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020994 - 04 Jun 2015
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5227
Abstract
With the increase in the number of music files on various devices, it can be difficult to locate a desired file, especially when the title of the song or the name of the singer is not known. We propose a new query-by-singing/humming (QbSH) [...] Read more.
With the increase in the number of music files on various devices, it can be difficult to locate a desired file, especially when the title of the song or the name of the singer is not known. We propose a new query-by-singing/humming (QbSH) system that can find music files that match what the user is singing or humming. This research is novel in the following three ways: first, the Fourier descriptor (FD) method is proposed as the first classifier; it transforms the humming or music waveform into the frequency domain. Second, quantized dynamic time warping (QDTW) using symmetrical search space and quantized linear scaling (QLS) are used as the second and third classifiers, respectively, which increase the accuracy of the QbSH system compared to the conventional DTW and LS methods. Third, five classifiers, which include the three already mentioned along with the conventional DTW using symmetrical search space and LS methods, are combined using score level fusion, which further enhances performance. Experimental results with the 2009 MIR-QbSH corpus and the AFA MIDI 100 databases show that the proposed method outperforms those using a single classifier and other fusion methods. Full article
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440 KiB  
Article
Consistent Positive Co-Variation between Fluctuating Asymmetry and Sexual Trait Size: A Challenge to the Developmental Instability-Sexual Selection Hypothesis
by Michal Polak, Kassie J. Hooker and Frances Tyler
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 976-993; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020976 - 03 Jun 2015
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5857
Abstract
The developmental instability (DI)-sexual selection hypothesis proposes that large size and symmetry in secondary sexual traits are favored by sexual selection because they reveal genetic quality. A critical prediction of this hypothesis is that there should exist negative correlations between trait fluctuating asymmetry [...] Read more.
The developmental instability (DI)-sexual selection hypothesis proposes that large size and symmetry in secondary sexual traits are favored by sexual selection because they reveal genetic quality. A critical prediction of this hypothesis is that there should exist negative correlations between trait fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and size of condition dependent sexual traits; condition dependent traits should reveal an organism’s overall health and vigor, and be influenced by a multitude of genetic loci. Here, we tested for the predicted negative FA-size correlations in the male sex comb of Drosophila bipectinata. Among field-caught males from five widely separated geographic localities, FA-size correlations were consistently positive, despite evidence that sex comb size is condition dependent. After controlling for trait size, FA was significantly negatively correlated with body size within several populations, indicating that developmental instability in the comb may reveal individual genetic quality. We suggest the possibility that condition dependent traits in some cases tap into independent units of the genome (a restricted set of genes), rather than signaling overall genetic properties of the organism. There were pronounced among-population differences in both comb FA and size, and these traits were positively correlated across populations, recapitulating the within-population patterns. We conclude that the results are inconsistent with the DI-sexual selection hypothesis, and discuss potential reasons for positive FA-size co-variation in sexual traits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluctuating Asymmetry)
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1686 KiB  
Article
Characterizations of Network Structures Using Eigenmode Analysis
by Youngho Park and Sangil Hyun
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 962-975; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020962 - 03 Jun 2015
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4976
Abstract
We introduced an analysis to identify structural characterization of two-dimensional regular and amorphous networks. The analysis was shown to be reliable to determine the global network rigidity and can also identify local floppy regions in the mixture of rigid and floppy regions. The [...] Read more.
We introduced an analysis to identify structural characterization of two-dimensional regular and amorphous networks. The analysis was shown to be reliable to determine the global network rigidity and can also identify local floppy regions in the mixture of rigid and floppy regions. The eigenmode analysis explores the structural properties of various networks determined by eigenvalue spectra. It is useful to determine the general structural stability of networks that the traditional Maxwell counting scheme based on the statistics of nodes (degrees of freedom) and bonds (constraints) does not provide. A visual characterization scheme was introduced to examine the local structure characterization of the networks. The eigenmode analysis is under development for various practical applications on more general network structures characterized by coordination numbers and nodal connectivity such as graphenes and proteins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rigidity and Symmetry)
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1069 KiB  
Article
Conservation Laws and Exact Solutions of a Generalized Zakharov–Kuznetsov Equation
by Dimpho Millicent Mothibi and Chaudry Masood Khalique
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 949-961; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020949 - 03 Jun 2015
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4569
Abstract
In this paper, we study a generalized Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation in three variables, which has applications in the nonlinear development of ion-acoustic waves in a magnetized plasma. Conservation laws for this equation are constructed for the first time by using the new conservation theorem [...] Read more.
In this paper, we study a generalized Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation in three variables, which has applications in the nonlinear development of ion-acoustic waves in a magnetized plasma. Conservation laws for this equation are constructed for the first time by using the new conservation theorem of Ibragimov. Furthermore, new exact solutions are obtained by employing the Lie symmetry method along with the simplest equation method. Full article
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523 KiB  
Article
Design of a Distributed Personal Information Access Control Scheme for Secure Integrated Payment in NFC
by Jungho Kang, Jong Hyuk Park and Sangkee Suk
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 935-948; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020935 - 02 Jun 2015
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5196
Abstract
At the center of core technologies for a future cyber world, such as Internet of Things (IoT) or big data, is a context-rich system that offers services by using situational information. The field where context-rich systems were first introduced is near-field communication (NFC)-based [...] Read more.
At the center of core technologies for a future cyber world, such as Internet of Things (IoT) or big data, is a context-rich system that offers services by using situational information. The field where context-rich systems were first introduced is near-field communication (NFC)-based electronic payments. Near-field Communication (NFC) integrated payment services collect the payment information of the credit card and the location information to generate patterns in the user’s consumption or movement through big data technology. Based on such pattern information, tailored services, such as advertisement, are offered to users. However, there is difficulty in controlling access to personal information, as there is a collaborative relationship focused on the trusted service manager (TSM) that is close knit to shared personal information. Moreover, in the case of Hadoop, among the many big data analytical technologies, it offers access control functions, but not a way to authorize the processing of personal information, making it impossible to grant authority between service providers to process information. As such, this paper proposes a key generation and distribution method, as well as a secure communication protocol. The analysis has shown that the efficiency was greater for security and performance compared to relation works. Full article
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87264 KiB  
Review
Analyzing Fluctuating Asymmetry with Geometric Morphometrics: Concepts, Methods, and Applications
by Christian Peter Klingenberg
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 843-934; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020843 - 02 Jun 2015
Cited by 303 | Viewed by 35383
Abstract
Approximately two decades after the first pioneering analyses, the study of shape asymmetry with the methods of geometric morphometrics has matured and is a burgeoning field. New technology for data collection and new methods and software for analysis are widely available and have [...] Read more.
Approximately two decades after the first pioneering analyses, the study of shape asymmetry with the methods of geometric morphometrics has matured and is a burgeoning field. New technology for data collection and new methods and software for analysis are widely available and have led to numerous applications in plants and animals, including humans. This review summarizes the concepts and morphometric methods for studying asymmetry of shape and size. After a summary of mathematical and biological concepts of symmetry and asymmetry, a section follows that explains the methods of geometric morphometrics and how they can be used to analyze asymmetry of biological structures. Geometric morphometric analyses not only tell how much asymmetry there is, but also provide information about the patterns of covariation in the structure under study. Such patterns of covariation in fluctuating asymmetry can provide valuable insight about the developmental basis of morphological integration, and have become important tools for evolutionary developmental biology. The genetic basis of fluctuating asymmetry has been studied from empirical and theoretical viewpoints, but serious challenges remain in this area. There are many promising areas for further research that are only little explored at present. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluctuating Asymmetry)
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363 KiB  
Review
Cosmological Probes for Supersymmetry
by Maxim Khlopov
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 815-842; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020815 - 29 May 2015
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5474
Abstract
The multi-parameter character of supersymmetric dark-matter models implies the combination of their experimental studies with astrophysical and cosmological probes. The physics of the early Universe provides nontrivial effects of non-equilibrium particles and primordial cosmological structures. Primordial black holes (PBHs) are a profound signature [...] Read more.
The multi-parameter character of supersymmetric dark-matter models implies the combination of their experimental studies with astrophysical and cosmological probes. The physics of the early Universe provides nontrivial effects of non-equilibrium particles and primordial cosmological structures. Primordial black holes (PBHs) are a profound signature of such structures that may arise as a cosmological consequence of supersymmetric (SUSY) models. SUSY-based mechanisms of baryosynthesis can lead to the possibility of antimatter domains in a baryon asymmetric Universe. In the context of cosmoparticle physics, which studies the fundamental relationship of the micro- and macro-worlds, the development of SUSY illustrates the main principles of this approach, as the physical basis of the modern cosmology provides cross-disciplinary tests in physical and astronomical studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supersymmetry and Dark Matter)
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918 KiB  
Article
Supersymmetry with Radiatively-Driven Naturalness: Implications for WIMP and Axion Searches
by Kyu Jung Bae, Howard Baer, Vernon Barger, Michael R. Savoy and Hasan Serce
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 788-814; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020788 - 28 May 2015
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5225
Abstract
By insisting on naturalness in both the electroweak and quantum chromodynamics (QCD) sectors of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM), the portrait for dark matter production is seriously modified from the usual weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) miracle picture. In supersymmetry (SUSY) models [...] Read more.
By insisting on naturalness in both the electroweak and quantum chromodynamics (QCD) sectors of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM), the portrait for dark matter production is seriously modified from the usual weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) miracle picture. In supersymmetry (SUSY) models with radiatively-driven naturalness (radiative natural SUSY or radiative natural SUSY (RNS)) which include a Dine–Fischler–Srednicki–Zhitnitsky (DFSZ)-like solution to the strong charge-conjugation-parity (CP) and SUSY \(\mu\) problems, dark matter is expected to be an admixture of both axions and higgsino-like WIMPs. The WIMP/axion abundance calculation requires simultaneous solution of a set of coupled Boltzmann equations which describe quasi-stable axinos and saxions. In most of parameter space, axions make up the dominant contribution of dark matter although regions of WIMP dominance also occur. We show the allowed range of Peccei-Quinn (PQ) scale \(f_a\) and compare to the values expected to be probed by the axion dark matter search experiment (ADMX) axion detector in the near future. We also show WIMP detection rates, which are suppressed from usual expectations, because now WIMPs comprise only a fraction of the total dark matter. Nonetheless, ton-scale noble liquid detectors should be able to probe the entirety of RNS parameter space. Indirect WIMP detection rates are less propitious since they are reduced by the square of the depleted WIMP abundance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supersymmetry and Dark Matter)
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2606 KiB  
Article
Flexible Polyhedral Surfaces with Two Flat Poses
by Hellmuth Stachel
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 774-787; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020774 - 27 May 2015
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5948
Abstract
We present three types of polyhedral surfaces, which are continuously flexible and have not only an initial pose, where all faces are coplanar, but pass during their self-motion through another pose with coplanar faces (“flat pose”). These surfaces are examples of so-called rigid [...] Read more.
We present three types of polyhedral surfaces, which are continuously flexible and have not only an initial pose, where all faces are coplanar, but pass during their self-motion through another pose with coplanar faces (“flat pose”). These surfaces are examples of so-called rigid origami, since we only admit exact flexions, i.e., each face remains rigid during the motion; only the dihedral angles vary. We analyze the geometry behind Miura-ori and address Kokotsakis’ example of a flexible tessellation with the particular case of a cyclic quadrangle. Finally, we recall Bricard’s octahedra of Type 3 and their relation to strophoids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rigidity and Symmetry)
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1750 KiB  
Article
Probing Majorana Neutrinos and their CP Violation in Decays of Charged Scalar Mesons π, K, D, Ds, B, Bc
by Gorazd Cvetič, Claudio O. Dib, Choong Sun Kim and Jilberto Zamora-Saá
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 726-773; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020726 - 26 May 2015
Cited by 60 | Viewed by 5671
Abstract
Some of the outstanding questions of particle physics today concern the neutrino sector, in particular whether there are more neutrinos than those already known and whether they are Dirac or Majorana particles. There are different ways to explore these issues. In this article [...] Read more.
Some of the outstanding questions of particle physics today concern the neutrino sector, in particular whether there are more neutrinos than those already known and whether they are Dirac or Majorana particles. There are different ways to explore these issues. In this article we describe neutrino-mediated decays of charged pseudoscalar mesons such as π±,K± and B±, in scenarios where extra neutrinos are heavy and can be on their mass shell. We discuss semileptonic and leptonic decays of such kinds. We investigate possible ways of using these decays in order to distinguish between the Dirac and Majorana character of neutrinos. Further, we argue that there are significant possibilities of detecting CP violation in such decays when there are at least two almost degenerate Majorana neutrinos involved. This latter type of scenario fits well into the known neutrino minimal standard model (νMSM) which could simultaneously explain the Dark Matter and Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supersymmetry and Dark Matter)
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216 KiB  
Article
Conservation Laws of Discrete Evolution Equations by Symmetries and Adjoint Symmetries
by Wen-Xiu Ma
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 714-725; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020714 - 22 May 2015
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 4687
Abstract
A direct approach is proposed for constructing conservation laws of discrete evolution equations, regardless of the existence of a Lagrangian. The approach utilizes pairs of symmetries and adjoint symmetries, in which adjoint symmetries make up for the disadvantage of non-Lagrangian structures in presenting [...] Read more.
A direct approach is proposed for constructing conservation laws of discrete evolution equations, regardless of the existence of a Lagrangian. The approach utilizes pairs of symmetries and adjoint symmetries, in which adjoint symmetries make up for the disadvantage of non-Lagrangian structures in presenting a correspondence between symmetries and conservation laws. Applications are made for the construction of conservation laws of the Volterra lattice equation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lie Theory and Its Applications)
627 KiB  
Article
Sensitivity of High-Scale SUSY in Low Energy Hadronic FCNC
by Morimitsu Tanimoto and Kei Yamamoto
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 689-713; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020689 - 21 May 2015
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4690
Abstract
We discuss the sensitivity of the high-scale supersymmetry (SUSY) at \(10\)–\(1000\) TeV in \(B^0\), \(B_s\), \(K^0\) and \(D\) meson systems together with the neutron electric dipole moment (EDM) and the mercury EDM. In order to estimate the contribution of the squark flavor mixing [...] Read more.
We discuss the sensitivity of the high-scale supersymmetry (SUSY) at \(10\)–\(1000\) TeV in \(B^0\), \(B_s\), \(K^0\) and \(D\) meson systems together with the neutron electric dipole moment (EDM) and the mercury EDM. In order to estimate the contribution of the squark flavor mixing to these flavor changing neutral currents (FCNCs), we calculate the squark mass spectrum, which is consistent with the recent Higgs discovery. The SUSY contribution in \(\epsilon_K\) could be large, around \(40\%\) in the region of the SUSY scale \(10\)–\(100\) TeV. The neutron EDM and the mercury EDM are also sensitive to the SUSY contribution induced by the gluino-squark interaction. The predicted EDMs are roughly proportional to \(|\epsilon_K^{\rm SUSY}|\). If the SUSY contribution is the level of \({\cal O}(10\%)\) for \(\epsilon_K\), the neutron EDM is expected to be discovered in the region of \(10^{-28}\)–\(10^{-26}\) ecm. The mercury EDM also gives a strong constraint for the gluino-squark interaction. The SUSY contribution of \(\Delta M_D\) is also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supersymmetry 2014)
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586 KiB  
Article
Secure Cooperative Spectrum Sensing via a Novel User-Classification Scheme in Cognitive Radios for Future Communication Technologies
by Muhammad Usman and Koo Insoo
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 675-688; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020675 - 14 May 2015
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4974
Abstract
Future communication networks would be required to deliver data on a far greater scale than is known to us today, thus mandating the maximal utilization of the available radio spectrum using cognitive radios. In this paper, we have proposed a novel cooperative spectrum [...] Read more.
Future communication networks would be required to deliver data on a far greater scale than is known to us today, thus mandating the maximal utilization of the available radio spectrum using cognitive radios. In this paper, we have proposed a novel cooperative spectrum sensing approach for cognitive radios. In cooperative spectrum sensing, the fusion center relies on reports of the cognitive users to make a global decision. The global decision is obtained by assigning weights to the reports received from cognitive users. Computation of such weights requires prior information of the probability of detection and the probability of false alarms, which are not readily available in real scenarios. Further, the cognitive users are divided into reliable and unreliable categories based on their weighted energy by using some empirical threshold. In this paper, we propose a method to classify the cognitive users into reliable, neutral and unreliable categories without using any pre-defined or empirically-obtained threshold. Moreover, the computation of weights does not require the detection, or false alarm probabilities, or an estimate of these probabilities. Reliable cognitive users are assigned the highest weights; neutral cognitive users are assigned medium weights (less than the reliable and higher than the unreliable cognitive users’ weights); and unreliable users are assigned the least weights. We show the performance improvement of our proposed method through simulations by comparing it with the conventional cooperative spectrum sensing scheme through different metrics, like receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and mean square error. For clarity, we also show the effect of malicious users on detection probability and false alarm probability individually through simulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Symmetry Modelling and Services in Future IT Environments)
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271 KiB  
Article
Harmonic Maps and Biharmonic Maps
by Hajime Urakawa
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 651-674; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020651 - 12 May 2015
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4590
Abstract
This is a survey on harmonic maps and biharmonic maps into (1) Riemannian manifolds of non-positive curvature, (2) compact Lie groups or (3) compact symmetric spaces, based mainly on my recent works on these topics. Full article
293 KiB  
Article
Coupled SU(3)-Structures and Supersymmetry
by Anna Fino and Alberto Raffero
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 625-650; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020625 - 11 May 2015
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4335
Abstract
We review coupled SU(3)-structures, also known in the literature as restricted half-flat structures, in relation to supersymmetry. In particular, we study special classes of examples admitting such structures and the behavior of flows of SU(3)-structures with respect to the coupled condition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supersymmetry 2014)
823 KiB  
Article
Reduction by Lie Group Symmetries in Diffeomorphic Image Registration and Deformation Modelling
by Stefan Sommer and Henry O. Jacobs
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 599-624; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020599 - 07 May 2015
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5579
Abstract
We survey the role of reduction by symmetry in the large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping framework for registration of a variety of data types (landmarks, curves, surfaces, images and higher-order derivative data). Particle relabelling symmetry allows the equations of motion to be reduced [...] Read more.
We survey the role of reduction by symmetry in the large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping framework for registration of a variety of data types (landmarks, curves, surfaces, images and higher-order derivative data). Particle relabelling symmetry allows the equations of motion to be reduced to the Lie algebra allowing the equations to be written purely in terms of the Eulerian velocity field. As a second use of symmetry, the infinite dimensional problem of finding correspondences between objects can be reduced for a range of concrete data types, resulting in compact representations of shape and spatial structure. Using reduction by symmetry, we describe these models in a common theoretical framework that draws on links between the registration problem and geometric mechanics. We outline these constructions and further cases where reduction by symmetry promises new approaches to the registration of complex data types. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry: Theory and Applications in Vision)
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616 KiB  
Review
Group Theory of Wannier Functions Providing the Basis for a Deeper Understanding of Magnetism and Superconductivity
by Ekkehard Krüger and Horst P. Strunk
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 561-598; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020561 - 05 May 2015
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6252
Abstract
The paper presents the group theory of optimally-localized and symmetry-adapted Wannier functions in a crystal of any given space group G or magnetic group M. Provided that the calculated band structure of the considered material is given and that the symmetry of the [...] Read more.
The paper presents the group theory of optimally-localized and symmetry-adapted Wannier functions in a crystal of any given space group G or magnetic group M. Provided that the calculated band structure of the considered material is given and that the symmetry of the Bloch functions at all of the points of symmetry in the Brillouin zone is known, the paper details whether or not the Bloch functions of particular energy bands can be unitarily transformed into optimally-localized Wannier functions symmetry-adapted to the space group G, to the magnetic group M or to a subgroup of G or M. In this context, the paper considers usual, as well as spin-dependent Wannier functions, the latter representing the most general definition of Wannier functions. The presented group theory is a review of the theory published by one of the authors (Ekkehard Krüger) in several former papers and is independent of any physical model of magnetism or superconductivity. However, it is suggested to interpret the special symmetry of the optimally-localized Wannier functions in the framework of a nonadiabatic extension of the Heisenberg model, the nonadiabatic Heisenberg model. On the basis of the symmetry of the Wannier functions, this model of strongly-correlated localized electrons makes clear predictions of whether or not the system can possess superconducting or magnetic eigenstates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystal Symmetry and Structure)
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20497 KiB  
Article
Online Social Snapshots of a Generic Facebook Session Based on Digital Insight Data for a Secure Future IT Environment
by Hai-Cheng Chu and Jong Hyuk Park
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 546-560; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020546 - 04 May 2015
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4923
Abstract
Physical memory acquisition has been an import facet for digital forensics (DF) specialists due to its volatile characteristics. Nowadays, thousands of millions of global participants utilize online social networking (OSN) mechanisms to expand their social lives, ranging from business-oriented purposes to leisure motivations. [...] Read more.
Physical memory acquisition has been an import facet for digital forensics (DF) specialists due to its volatile characteristics. Nowadays, thousands of millions of global participants utilize online social networking (OSN) mechanisms to expand their social lives, ranging from business-oriented purposes to leisure motivations. Facebook (FB) is one of the most dominant social networking sites (SNS) available today. Unfortunately, it has been a major avenue for cybercriminals to commit illegal activities. Therefore, the digital traces of previous sessions of an FB user play an essential role as the first step for DF experts to pursue the disclosure of the identity of the suspect who was exploiting FB. In this research work, we provide a systematic methodology to reveal a previous session of an FB identity, as well as his/her partial social circle via collecting, analyzing, preserving and presenting the associated digital traces to obtain the online social snapshots of a specific FB user who was utilizing a computing device with Internet Explorer (IE) 10 without turning off the power of the gadget. This novel approach can be a paradigm for how DF specialists ponder the crime scene to conduct the first response in order to avoid the permanent loss of the precious digital evidence in previous FB sessions. The hash values of the image files of the random access memory (RAM) of the computing device have proven to be identical before and after forensics operations, which could be probative evidence in a court of law. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Symmetry Modelling and Services in Future IT Environments)
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22965 KiB  
Article
Some Elementary Aspects of 4-Dimensional Geometry
by J. Scott Carter and David A. Mullens
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 515-545; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020515 - 04 May 2015
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6449
Abstract
We indicate that Heron’s formula (which relates the square of the area of a triangle to a quartic function of its edge lengths) can be interpreted as a scissors congruence in four-dimensional space. In the process of demonstrating this, we examine a number [...] Read more.
We indicate that Heron’s formula (which relates the square of the area of a triangle to a quartic function of its edge lengths) can be interpreted as a scissors congruence in four-dimensional space. In the process of demonstrating this, we examine a number of decompositions of hypercubes, hyper-parallelograms and other elementary four-dimensional solids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagrams, Topology, Categories and Logic)
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823 KiB  
Article
Fluctuating and Directional Asymmetry of the Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis): Improving Methods of Morphological Analysis to Explore Species Performance at the Northern Border of Its Range
by Dmitry Lajus, Marina Katolikova, Petr Strelkov and Herman Hummel
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 488-514; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020488 - 29 Apr 2015
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7484
Abstract
In this work we examined morphological variation at different levels to study performance and population structuring of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Our objectives were: (i) to develop an integrated technique for analyzing morphological variation in blue mussels and, based on this [...] Read more.
In this work we examined morphological variation at different levels to study performance and population structuring of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Our objectives were: (i) to develop an integrated technique for analyzing morphological variation in blue mussels and, based on this technique; (ii) to perform a morphometric description of mussels from the northern part of their range; and (iii) to verify the hypothesis that populations at the outer range of their distribution have reduced performance due to harsh climatic conditions. Means, directional asymmetry (i.e., systematic differences between left and right structures), fluctuating asymmetry (random deviations from perfect symmetry, a measure of developmental instability), factorial variation (difference between total variance and variance of fluctuating asymmetry, an indirect index of genotypic variation), and measurement error were examined for 14 bilateral characters of muscle scars on mussel shells. Also, we analyzed one non-bilateral character. For the first time directional asymmetry—approaching 13% of the right:left ratio—was described in blue mussels. Measurement error, often ignored in morphometric studies, contributed 26% of total variance. Accurately addressing these methodical challenges is key to further and improved ecological interpretations. Morphological differences were found between (i) samples from estuarine areas in the White and Pechora Seas and (ii) samples from Barents Sea areas with oceanic salinity. Samples from the first group exhibited lower fluctuating asymmetry, indicating higher developmental stability likely due to better feeding conditions and lower factorial variation, which may result from lower genotypic variation. Absence of correlation between fluctuating asymmetry and temperature suggests that low temperatures in the northern border of their range do not degrade the performance of adult blue mussels in this region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluctuating Asymmetry)
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592 KiB  
Article
Provable Fair Document Exchange Protocol with Transaction Privacy for E-Commerce
by Ren-Junn Hwang and Chih-Hua Lai
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 464-487; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020464 - 28 Apr 2015
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4995
Abstract
Transaction privacy has attracted a lot of attention in the e-commerce. This study proposes an efficient and provable fair document exchange protocol with transaction privacy. Using the proposed protocol, any untrusted parties can fairly exchange documents without the assistance of online, trusted third [...] Read more.
Transaction privacy has attracted a lot of attention in the e-commerce. This study proposes an efficient and provable fair document exchange protocol with transaction privacy. Using the proposed protocol, any untrusted parties can fairly exchange documents without the assistance of online, trusted third parties. Moreover, a notary only notarizes each document once. The authorized document owner can exchange a notarized document with different parties repeatedly without disclosing the origin of the document or the identities of transaction participants. Security and performance analyses indicate that the proposed protocol not only provides strong fairness, non-repudiation of origin, non-repudiation of receipt, and message confidentiality, but also enhances forward secrecy, transaction privacy, and authorized exchange. The proposed protocol is more efficient than other works. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Symmetry Modelling and Services in Future IT Environments)
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201 KiB  
Article
On Charge Conjugation, Chirality and Helicity of the Dirac and Majorana Equation for Massive Leptons
by Eckart Marsch
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 450-463; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020450 - 27 Apr 2015
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5971
Abstract
We revisit the charge-conjugation operation for the Dirac equation in its chiral representation. A new decomposition of the Dirac spinor field is suggested and achieved by means of projection operators based on charge conjugation, which is discussed here in a non-standard way. Thus, [...] Read more.
We revisit the charge-conjugation operation for the Dirac equation in its chiral representation. A new decomposition of the Dirac spinor field is suggested and achieved by means of projection operators based on charge conjugation, which is discussed here in a non-standard way. Thus, two separate two-component Majorana-type field equations for the eigenfields of the charge-conjugation operator are obtained. The corresponding free fields are entirely separated without a gauge field, but remain mixed and coupled together through an electromagnetic field term. For fermions that are charged and, thus, subjected to the gauge field of electrodynamics, these two Majorana fields can be reassembled into a doublet, which is equivalent to a standard four-component Dirac spinor field. In this way, the Dirac equation is retained in a new guise, which is fully equivalent to that equation in its chiral form. Full article
34144 KiB  
Article
Unsupervised Object Modeling and Segmentation with Symmetry Detection for Human Activity Recognition
by Jui-Yuan Su, Shyi-Chyi Cheng and De-Kai Huang
Symmetry 2015, 7(2), 427-449; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7020427 - 23 Apr 2015
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6723
Abstract
In this paper we present a novel unsupervised approach to detecting and segmenting objects as well as their constituent symmetric parts in an image. Traditional unsupervised image segmentation is limited by two obvious deficiencies: the object detection accuracy degrades with the misaligned boundaries [...] Read more.
In this paper we present a novel unsupervised approach to detecting and segmenting objects as well as their constituent symmetric parts in an image. Traditional unsupervised image segmentation is limited by two obvious deficiencies: the object detection accuracy degrades with the misaligned boundaries between the segmented regions and the target, and pre-learned models are required to group regions into meaningful objects. To tackle these difficulties, the proposed approach aims at incorporating the pair-wise detection of symmetric patches to achieve the goal of segmenting images into symmetric parts. The skeletons of these symmetric parts then provide estimates of the bounding boxes to locate the target objects. Finally, for each detected object, the graphcut-based segmentation algorithm is applied to find its contour. The proposed approach has significant advantages: no a priori object models are used, and multiple objects are detected. To verify the effectiveness of the approach based on the cues that a face part contains an oval shape and skin colors, human objects are extracted from among the detected objects. The detected human objects and their parts are finally tracked across video frames to capture the object part movements for learning the human activity models from video clips. Experimental results show that the proposed method gives good performance on publicly available datasets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry: Theory and Applications in Vision)
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