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23 January 2026

Delay Differential Equations with a Damping Term: Enhanced Criteria for Testing the Oscillatory Performance of Solutions

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1
Department of Mathematical Sciences, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
4
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
This article belongs to the Section Mathematics

Abstract

The oscillatory characteristics of solutions to damped differential equations are examined in this study. Enhanced properties are obtained for positive solutions of the equation under examination. These properties are then utilized to derive criteria ensuring the oscillation of all solutions of the equation, based on the symmetry principle between positive and negative solutions. Several techniques are employed to establish oscillation criteria that encompass a broader range of cases of the equation under investigation. Through the new approach adopted in this study, criteria are obtained that refine and complement the related previous results. The findings are applied to Euler-type equations and are juxtaposed with prior results to illustrate their significance.

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