Land 2018, 7(3), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/land7030108
Analyses of Land Cover Change Trajectories Leading to Tropical Forest Loss: Illustrated for the West Kutai and Mahakam Ulu Districts, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Carina van der Laan 1,*
, Arif Budiman 2, Judith A. Verstegen 3
, Stefan C. Dekker 1,4, Wiwin Effendy 5, André P. C. Faaij 6, Arif Data Kusuma 7 and Pita A. Verweij 1
, Stefan C. Dekker 1,4, Wiwin Effendy 5, André P. C. Faaij 6, Arif Data Kusuma 7 and Pita A. Verweij 11
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, 3584CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
2
Winrock International, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
3
Institute for Geoinformatics, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
4
Faculty Management, Science and Technology, Open Universiteit, 6401DL Heerlen, The Netherlands
5
World Wide Fund for Nature Samarinda, Samarinda 75124, Indonesia
6
Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
7
Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), Jakarta 129020, Indonesia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 18 July 2018 / Revised: 3 September 2018 / Accepted: 6 September 2018 / Published: 13 September 2018
Abstract
In Indonesia, land cover change for agriculture and mining is threatening tropical forests, biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, land cover change is highly dynamic and complex and varies over time and space. In this study, we combined Landsat-based land cover (change) mapping, pixel-to-pixel cross tabulations and expert knowledge to analyze land cover change and forest loss in the West Kutai and Mahakam Ulu districts in East Kalimantan from 1990–2009. We found that about one-third of the study area changed in 1990–2009 and that the different types of land cover changes in the study area increased and involved more diverse and characteristic trajectories in 2000–2009, compared to 1990–2000. Degradation to more open forest types was dominant, and forest was mostly lost due to trajectories that involved deforestation to grasslands and shrubs (~17%), and to a lesser extent due to trajectories from forest to mining and agriculture (11%). Trajectories from forest to small-scale mixed cropland and smallholder rubber occurred more frequently than trajectories to large-scale oil palm or pulpwood plantations; however, the latter increased over time. About 11% of total land cover change involved multiple-step trajectories and thus “intermediate” land cover types. The combined trajectory analysis in this paper thus contributes to a more comprehensive analysis of land cover change and the drivers of forest loss, which is essential to improve future land cover projections and to support spatial planning. View Full-TextKeywords:
land use change; land cover change; tropical forests; deforestation; agriculture; oil palm; Indonesia; Kalimantan
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MDPI and ACS Style
van der Laan, C.; Budiman, A.; Verstegen, J.A.; Dekker, S.C.; Effendy, W.; Faaij, A.P.C.; Kusuma, A.D.; Verweij, P.A. Analyses of Land Cover Change Trajectories Leading to Tropical Forest Loss: Illustrated for the West Kutai and Mahakam Ulu Districts, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Land 2018, 7, 108.
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