Fixability–Flexibility Relations in Sustainable Territorial Spatial Planning in China: A Review from the Food–Energy–Water Nexus Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Constraints for Protection: Fixability in Territorial Spatial Planning
2.1. Territorial Spatial Planning Control Tools
- (1)
- Control quota
- (2)
- Boundary management
- (3)
- Zoning
2.2. Performance Evaluation of Control Tools
2.3. Risks of Control Tools
- (1)
- Regulatory failure
- (2)
- Operation failure
3. Development as a Driving Force: Flexibility in Territorial Spatial Planning
3.1. The Internal Impetus of Flexibility in Territorial Spatial Planning
3.2. The Implementation Approaches of Flexibility in Territorial Spatial Planning
- (1)
- The reserved quotas for newly added construction land.
- (2)
- Conditional construction zones.
- (3)
- Increase–decrease linkage of urban–rural construction land
4. Reflections on Contradictions: Conflicts and Integration of Fixability and Flexibility in Territorial Spatial Planning
- Hierarchical relationship: Traditional centralised control system vs. local elastic behaviour. The relationships between planning quota content, scale, punishment, and supervisory ability with government performance assessment standards as well as land financial revenues and political achievement assessment stimulation will further influence the behavioural choices of local governments [69].
- Purpose function: Positioning of superior planning vs. implementation of subordinate planning. The contradictions between the positioning of superior planning and the implementation of subordinate planning stem from the conflicts between ideal protection goals and the practical development demand of territorial spatial planning [70].
- Planning period: Fixability of static prediction vs. flexibility of dynamic development. The prediction results guided by different planning perspectives vary and include forecasting results related to food, water resources and land demand; these results can reveal vast differences under relatively static and short-term planning perspectives (usually 10 to 15 years) with dynamic and long-term planning perspectives [61].
- External relations: Restrictions in the relatively enclosed zone and flexibility in the open zone. The scale of cultivated land is one of the core factors used to measure the food security of “closed” areas, while in open areas, the gap between food supply and demand can be filled through market mechanisms such as foreign trade and inventory [71].
- Planning concept: Reduction under the protection concept and expansion under the development concept [72].
5. Fixability–Flexibility Relations from New Perspective of the Food–Energy–Water Nexus
5.1. Introduction of the Food–Energy–Water Nexus
5.2. Interaction between the Food–Energy–Water Nexus and Land Space
- (1)
- Food security and agricultural space protection
- (2)
- Energy consumption security and urban spatial expansion control
- (3)
- Water security and ecological space protection.
5.3. Dialectical Relationship between Fixability and Flexibility in Territorial Spatial Planning Based on the Nexus Thought
- (1)
- The integration of fixability and flexibility in territorial spatial planning embodies the dynamic balance relationship between the two poles of objectives of territorial space development and protection.
- (2)
- Flexible land use space under fixable constraints is a paradigm innovation for future-oriented planning and implementation.
6. Discussion and Conclusions
- (1)
- Chinese planners and researchers have established a set of theories and tools for integrating the development–protection relations, while those from developed Western countries are not entirely applicable to China.
- (2)
- A more complex and changeable circumstance makes it difficult to grasp the territorial spatial planning control degree (“Du” in Chinese).
- (3)
- The fragmented goals of territorial spatial planning from a single perspective overlook the complexity and systematicity of the requirements of regional sustainable development.
- (4)
- A unified and complete analytical framework for sustainable development has not yet been formed to explain the dialectical relationship between fixability and flexibility in territorial spatial planning.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
1 | Cultivated land tenure quantity quota refers to the cultivated land area in a region that should be protected. Newly added construction land quota refers to the construction land area that has recently been added to a region. Newly added construction land occupying cultivated land quota refers to the construction land area newly added by occupying cultivated land. Cultivated land occupation balance quota refers to the supplementary area of cultivated land in a region has been requested because of the dynamic balance system of cultivated land. Permanent basic farmland tenure quantity quota refers to the permanent basic farmland area in a region that should be protected. |
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Shan, L.; Zhang, C.; Zhou, T.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, L.; Shan, J. Fixability–Flexibility Relations in Sustainable Territorial Spatial Planning in China: A Review from the Food–Energy–Water Nexus Perspective. Land 2024, 13, 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13020247
Shan L, Zhang C, Zhou T, Wu Y, Zhang L, Shan J. Fixability–Flexibility Relations in Sustainable Territorial Spatial Planning in China: A Review from the Food–Energy–Water Nexus Perspective. Land. 2024; 13(2):247. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13020247
Chicago/Turabian StyleShan, Liping, Chuyi Zhang, Tianxiao Zhou, Yuzhe Wu, Liang Zhang, and Jiaming Shan. 2024. "Fixability–Flexibility Relations in Sustainable Territorial Spatial Planning in China: A Review from the Food–Energy–Water Nexus Perspective" Land 13, no. 2: 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13020247
APA StyleShan, L., Zhang, C., Zhou, T., Wu, Y., Zhang, L., & Shan, J. (2024). Fixability–Flexibility Relations in Sustainable Territorial Spatial Planning in China: A Review from the Food–Energy–Water Nexus Perspective. Land, 13(2), 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13020247