Variants of Boundary Changes—A Case Study of Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Boundary Changes in the Context of Forms, Legislation, and Territorial Division
2.1. Main Forms of Boundary Changes
2.2. Changes in the Boundaries in the Context of the Territorial Division of Poland
2.3. Boundary Changes in Formal and Legal Aspects
3. Materials and Methods
- A total of 129 decisions regarding incorporation of areas of rural communes into cities, including one to merge a rural commune with city county (Zielona Góra); these changes covered an area of 525 km2, of which merger accounts for 220 km2;
- A total of 43 incorporations of areas of rural communes into the rural communes, which covered a total of 354.8 km2, including one establishment (restitution) of a commune (Jaśliska) (67.2 km2) and one dissolution (elimination) of a commune (Ostrowice) and its division into two communes (150.6 km2);
- A total of 15 incorporations of areas of cities into the rural communes (15.7 km2);
- A total of 4 incorporations of areas of cities into the cities/city counties (1.5 km2);
- Only 1 change in the status of a city into a city county status (Wałbrzych);
- A total of 86 granting city status to localities, including 82 through the exclusion of their area from rural communes, and 4 as a result of establishment of urban–rural communes in city areas.
4. Results
4.1. Formal and Legal Variants of Boundary Changes
- (1)
- Application—on the initiative of the municipal/city/city county/county council, which applies to the MIAA after consultations with residents, requires the opinion of the voivode;
- (2)
- Ministerial—on the initiative of the MIAA, which applies to the municipal/city/city/county council for an opinion on boundary changes, preceded by consultations with residents;
- (3)
- Internal—pertains to the correction of the boundaries of municipal auxiliary units; adopted by a resolution of the municipal council;
- (4)
- Referendum—on the initiative of a minimum of 15 residents who apply to the voivode for a boundary change; does not require consultations;
- (5)
- Merger—applies to inter-municipal mergers; the application is submitted by the voivode to the Prime Minister through MIAA; the financial incentive is a ‘ministerial bonus’, i.e., a 5% increase in the rate of participation in personal income tax revenues for 5 years;
- (6)
- Fast track—concerns restitution of city status; it was introduced in 2018 (as part of the celebrations of the 100th anniversary of Poland’s independence and the 150th anniversary of the January Uprising). It is intended to foster the restoration of the status of localities located in the former Russian partition (Central and Eastern Poland), degraded under the territorial reform in 1869–1870. Fast track combining ministerial and application modes. The city council passes a resolution in the form of an appeal to “restore the status of the city lost as a result of tsarist repression” and submits it to the MIAA. The Minister applies to the commune council for issuing a relevant opinion. After consultations with residents, the commune council submits an application to MIAA that, after its positive examination, passes it on to the Prime Minister.
4.2. Variants of Territorial Expansion of Units
- (1)
- Commune–city as a result of the incorporation of the area of the commune (or its part) into the city;
- (2)
- Commune–commune as a consequence of incorporation of the area of the commune (or its part) into another commune;
- (3)
- City–commune as a result of the incorporation of the area of a city into a commune;
- (4)
- City–city as a consequence of incorporation of the area of the city (or its part) into another city;
- (5)
- New cities—refers to the creation of new municipalities as a result of (a) the exclusion of the area of the locality from a commune and granting it the city status or (b) detachment of a commune from a city area and re-granting the city status for the city within the reduced boundaries; both cases result in the establishment of urban-rural communes.
4.3. Variants of Changes in Geodetic (Cadastral) Division
- (1)
- Entire—the entire area of the municipality is incorporated into the city/commune/city county/county, which corresponds to a merger mode;
- (2)
- Precinct—the area of village/city or their auxiliary units (cadastral precincts) (a) are incorporated into the commune/city/county/city county or (b) create a new city;
- (3)
- Parcel—part of auxiliary units (parts of cadastral precincts) in the form of selected cadastral parcels (a) are incorporated into commune/city/city county/county/voivodeship or (b) create/co-create the area of a new city;
- (4)
- Mixed (precinct–parcel)—refers to the situation when areas of the entire cadastral precincts and the part of another cadastral precinct in the form of individual parcels are excluded from one unit, and then they (a) are incorporated into another unit on the basis of a single CM decision or (b) form/co-form the area of a new city.
4.4. Variants of Ways of Changing Territorial Jurisdiction of Units
- (1)
- Annexation as a result of the incorporation of a part of commune/city/county/city county/voivodeship into a (neighboring) commune/city/county/city county/voivodeship; this variant is characteristic of territorial expansion of city counties, cities, and communes and usually refers to a part of a cadastral precinct;
- (2)
- Merger—we can distinguish mergers as follows: (a) communes when the territory of the entire commune is incorporated into a commune/city/city county/county; (b) counties due to the incorporation of a city county into a county having the seat of government in that city;
- (3)
- Fragmentation—in the case of a commune, we are dealing with the division of a commune into two or more parts and (a) the incorporation of these parts (in the form of cadastral precincts or parts thereof) into a (neighboring) municipalities (communes/cities) or (b) their incorporation into a newly created municipality. In the case of a county, fragmentation occurs as a result of the exclusion of one or more municipalities from the territory of the county with the simultaneous (a) incorporation of that municipality or municipalities into another county or (b) establishment of a county from those municipalities or from those municipalities and a city county (the aforementioned cases did not occur during the period of analysis but have taken place in the past). A separate case is the restitution of the status of a city county to a city that had previously been merged with a county having the seat of government in that city (this case was included in the restitution of status variant);
- (4)
- Exchange—occurs when a certain area (most often part of a cadastral precinct) is separated from one commune/city/city county/county and incorporated into the neighboring commune/city/city county/county, and vice versa (in the analyzed period, there was no situation of exchange of areas lying in neighboring voivodeships, although such a situation is theoretically possible).
4.5. Variants of Change in the Administrative Status of the LGU
- (1)
- Granting status, which concerns two situations: (a) granting the city status to a locality in the case of new cities; (b) granting the status of an urban-rural municipality in the case of the establishment of a rural commune from city areas;
- (2)
- Restitution of commune/city/city county/county status to units that previously lost this status—in many cases this involves the establishment of a new commune/city/city county/county from the areas of neighboring units;
- (3)
- Change of status consisting of (a) incorporation into the existing city/city county area of the commune or parts thereof or (b) incorporation of city/ city county area or parts thereof into the existing commune. These are characteristics of annexation. Some may result in changes in the county and voivodeship tier.
4.6. Variants of Changes in the Territorial Division of the Country
- (1)
- Commune, occurring within third-tier units and involving the incorporation of areas of communes/cities or parts thereof into neighboring communes/cities. This variant also involves the creation of new cities, resulting in new urban-rural communes;
- (2)
- County, in which changes occur within third- and second-tier units as a result of the incorporation of areas of communes/cities or parts thereof into the (neighboring) counties/city counties. This variant is characteristic of the expansion of city counties (33 cases), and rural communes (14);
- (3)
- Voivodeship, when the changes occur in third-, second- and first-tier units and involve the incorporation of areas of communes/cities or parts thereof into a neighboring county/city county (the case of a city county is theoretically possible, but did not appear during the period analyzed) (second tier) located in other voivodeship (third tier). It occurs least frequently (four cases).
4.7. Variants of Frequency of Boundary Changes
- (1)
- One-off—these involve boundary changes that occurred once;
- (2)
- Cyclical—these involve changing the boundary of the same commune/city/county/city county several times (mainly refers to annexations);
- (3)
- Corrective—these involve new cities that made corrections to their boundaries in later years (mainly in the variants of commune–city or exchange).
4.8. Variants of Area Changes
- (1)
- Small area—up to 1 km2; prevails for fine-scale annexations, exchanges, and corrections;
- (2)
- Medium area −1–10 km2; dominates in the new city variant but also refers to expansions in the variants of commune–city and commune–commune;
- (3)
- Large area—more than 10 km2; occurs in the variant of new cities, in the case of mergers, fragmentation, and with territorial expansions, especially city counties.
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Merger | Consolidation | Annexation | Division | |
---|---|---|---|---|
entire territorial unit | x | x | x | |
part of the territorial unit | x | x | ||
consultation/referendum | x | x | x | x |
incorporation | x | x | ||
number of municipalities | 2 or more | 2 or more | 2 or more | 1 per 2 or more |
change of status | x | x | x | |
change in the territorial division | x | x | x | |
change in classification | x | x | x |
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Kociuba, D.; Kociuba, W. Variants of Boundary Changes—A Case Study of Poland. Land 2023, 12, 1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12061208
Kociuba D, Kociuba W. Variants of Boundary Changes—A Case Study of Poland. Land. 2023; 12(6):1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12061208
Chicago/Turabian StyleKociuba, Dagmara, and Waldemar Kociuba. 2023. "Variants of Boundary Changes—A Case Study of Poland" Land 12, no. 6: 1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12061208
APA StyleKociuba, D., & Kociuba, W. (2023). Variants of Boundary Changes—A Case Study of Poland. Land, 12(6), 1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12061208