Evolution and Influencing Factors of Manufacturing Production Space in the Pearl River Delta—Based on the Perspective of Global City-Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources and Data Processing
- (1)
- Data Sources
- (2)
- Data Processing
2.3. Methodology
- (1)
- Expansion Speed and Expansion Strength
- (2)
- Incremental Variation Coefficient
- (3)
- Spatial Autocorrelation
- (4)
- Stability Index
2.4. Research Steps
3. Results
3.1. The Evolution of Manufacturing Production Spaces in the PRD
3.1.1. Expansion Process of Manufacturing Production Space Evolution
3.1.2. Expansion Scale of Manufacturing Production Space Evolution
3.1.3. Expansion Hot Spots of Manufacturing Production Space Evolution
3.2. Evolution Characteristics of Manufacturing Production Spaces in the PRD
3.2.1. Expansion Speed and Expansion Strength
3.2.2. Coefficient of Variation
3.2.3. Fractal Dimension and Stability
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison of the Manufacturing Production Space Evolution of Global City Region between China and the Western Countries
4.1.1. Evolution Pattern of the Manufacturing Production Spaces in the PRD Global City Region
4.1.2. Comparison of the Evolution Pattern of the Manufacturing Production Spaces in the City Region between China and Western Countries
4.2. Comparison of the Manufacturing Production Spaces Influencing Factors of Global CityRegions between China and Western Countries
4.2.1. The Factors Affecting the Evolution of the Manufacturing Production Spaces in the PRD
4.2.2. Comparison of the Influencing Factors of Manufacturing Production Space Evolution in City Regions between China and Western Countries
4.3. Some Policy Implications and Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Dicken, P. Global Shift: Mapping the Changing Contours of the World Economy; The Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Cohen, R.B. The new international division of labour, multi-national corporations and urban hierarchy. In Urbanization and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society; Dear, M., Scott, A.J., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 1981; pp. 287–315. [Google Scholar]
- Sassen, S. Dispersal and new forms of centralization. In The Global City: New York, London and Tokyo; Princeton University: Princeton, NJ, USA, 1991; pp. 22–35. [Google Scholar]
- Scott, A.J. Regions and the World Economy: The Coming Shape of Global Production, Competition and Political Order; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Hall, P.G. Global City-Regions in the Twenty-first Century. In Global City-Regions: Trends, Theory, Policy; Scott, A.J., Ed.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2001; pp. 59–77. [Google Scholar]
- Daniels, P.W. Book review: Global city regions: Their emerging forms. Prog. Hum. Geog. 2002, 26, 714–715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scott, A.J. Global City-Regions: Trends, Theory, Policy; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Scott, A.J. Globalization and the Rise of City-regions. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2001, 9, 813–826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, R.G.; Hooper, A. Book Review. Urban. Stud. 2003, 40, 631–647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pain, K. Examining ‘core-periphery’ relationships in a global city-region: The case of London and South East England. Reg. Stud. 2008, 42, 1161–1172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodriguez-Pose, A.; Fitjar, R.D. Buzz, Archipelago Economies and the Future of Intermediate and Peripheral Areas in a Spiky World. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2013, 21, 355–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Varis, M.; Tohmo, T.; Littunen, H. Arriving at the Dawn of the New Economy: Is Knowledge-Based Industrial Renewal Possible in a Peripheral Region? Eur. Plan. Stud. 2014, 22, 101–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Romero, V.; Solís, E.; De Ureña, J.M. Beyond the metropolis: New employment centers and historic administrative cities in the Madrid global city region. Urban. Geogr. 2014, 35, 889–915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, G.C.S. Toward a post-socialist city? Economic tertiarization and urban transformation in the Guangzhou metropolis, China. Eurasian Geogr. Econ. 2004, 45, 18–44. [Google Scholar]
- Daniels, P.W.; Ho, K.C.; Hutton, T. Service industries and Asia-Pacific cities: Introduction and overview. In Service Industries and Asia-Pacific Cities: New Development Trajectories; Routledge: London, UK, 2005; pp. 1–18. [Google Scholar]
- Wei, Y.D. Restructuring for growth in urban China: Transitional institutions, urban development, and spatial transformation. Habitat Int. 2012, 36, 396–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bie, J.B.; Jong, M.; Derudder, B. Greater Pearl River Delta: Historical Evolution towards a Global City-Region. J. Urban. Technol. 2015, 22, 103–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yeh, A.G.O.; Yang, F.F.; Wang, J.J. Producer service linkages and city connectivity in the mega- city region of China: A case study of the Pearl River Delta. Urban. Stud. 2015, 52, 2458–2482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Kloosterman, R.C. Connecting the ‘Workshop of the World’: Intra-and Extra-Service Networks of the Pearl River Delta City-Region. Reg. Stud. 2016, 50, 1069–1081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, M.X.; Derudder, B.; Huang, J.H. Examining the transition processes in the Pearl River Delta polycentric mega-city region through the lens of corporate networks. Cities 2017, 60, 147–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ye, Y.Y.; Wu, K.M.; Xie, Y.C.; Huang, G.Z.; Wang, C.J.; Chen, J. How firm heterogeneity affects foreign direct investment location choice: Micro-evidence from new foreign manufacturing firms in the Pearl River Delta. Appl. Geogr. 2019, 106, 11–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, S.X.B.; Zhang, L. Foreign direct investment and the formation of global city-regions in China. Reg. Stud. 2007, 41, 979–994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, C.F.; Dennis Wei, Y.H.; Pan, F.H. Geographical concentration of manufacturing industries in China: The importance of spatial and industrial scales. Eurasian Geogr. Econ. 2007, 48, 603–625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, B.Y.; Liu, W.D.; Michael, D. State land policy, land markets and geographies of manufacturing: The case of Beijing, China. Land Use Policy 2014, 36, 1–12. [Google Scholar]
- Kang, J.J.; Xu, W.; Ning, Y.M. Dynamic regional manufacturing agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta region. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2021, 41, 1773–1782. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Wang, T.T.; Song, Y.; Qian, S.T.; Zhang, Y. Spatial pattern of manufacturing industry and its impact on air pollution in Northeast China based on enterprise data. Geogr. Res. 2022, 41, 193–209. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, X.P.; Huang, P.T.; Sun, L.; Wang, Z.H. Spatial evolution and locational determinants of high-tech industries in Beijing. Chin. Geogr. Sci. 2013, 23, 249–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, Y.H.; Song, Y.Q.; Zhu, S.Q.; Cheng, X.F. The spatial pattern of Shanghai urban industry based on point data. Geogr. Res. 2015, 34, 1708–1720. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Gao, J.L.; Yuan, F.; Chen, W. Economic transition and restructuring of manufacturing spaces in urban China: The evidence from Nanjing. Geogr. Res. 2017, 36, 1014–1028. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Wu, X.B. Spatial Distribution Evolvement Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Automobile Manufacturing Industry under the Guidance of Foreign Investment: A Case Study of Guangzhou. Econ. Geogr. 2019, 39, 119–128. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Luo, L.; Zheng, Z.H.; Luo, J.; Jia, Y.Q.; Zhang, Q.; Wu, C.; Zhang, Y.F.; Sun, J. Spatial Agglomeration of Manufacturing in the Wuhan Metropolitan Area: An Analysis of Sectoral Patterns and Determinants. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, L. Research on Spatial Evolution Pattern of Advanced Manufacturing under the Effect of Local Policies in Guangzhou City. Areal Res. Dev. 2022, 41, 38–43. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Yeh, A.G.O.; Li, X. An integrated remote sensing and GIS approach in the monitoring and evaluation of rapid urban growth for sustainable development in the Pearl River Delta, China. Int. Plan. Stud. 1997, 2, 193–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Yeh, A.G.O. A planning support model for sustainable land development using remote sensing and GIS: A case study in the Pearl River Delta. J. Remote Sens. 1999, 3, 215–219. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, C.; Yao, D.; Zhen, Y.; Li, W.; Li, K. Mismatched Relationship between Urban Industrial Land Consumption and Growth of Manufacturing: Evidence from the Yangtze River Delta. Land 2022, 11, 1390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, B.H.; Luo, C. volution and Optimization Strategy of Manufacturing Space in Changsha Metropolitan Area since 1990. Econ. Geogr. 2020, 40, 155–163. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, M.; Yuan, M.; Huang, Y.; Lin, K. Effects of Institutions on Spatial Patterns of Manufacturing Industries and Policy Implications in Metropolitan Areas: A Case Study of Wuhan, China. Land 2021, 10, 710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deligeer; Yuan, J.D.; Li, Y.Y. The spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of the industrial spatial in Changchun. Econ. Geogr. 2014, 34, 81–86. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Ding, J.; Wang, K.Y. Spatial pattern and morphological characteristics of industrial production space and influential factors in the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration. Prog. Geogr. 2016, 35, 610–621. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Guo, F.Y.; Chen, C.; Liu, J.S. Research on the extension characteristics and driving forces of industrial space in Changchun since 1990. Hum. Geogr. 2014, 29, 88–94. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Ding, J.; Wang, K.Y. Spatio-temporal evolution of industrial production space and its driving mechanisms in Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration. Geogr. Res. 2018, 37, 53–66. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, L.L.; Yue, W.Z.; Liu, Y.; Fan, P.L.; Wei, Y.H. Suburban industrial land development in transitional China: Spatial restructuring and determinants. Cities 2018, 78, 96–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Zhu, C.; Chen, X.; Rong, Y.; Zhang, J.; Huang, B.; Bai, L.; Chen, Q.; Su, Y.; et al. Spatial Identification and Interactive Analysis of Urban Production—Living—Ecological Spaces Using Point of Interest Data and a Two-Level Scoring Evaluation Model. Land 2022, 11, 1814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.; Shen, P.; Huang, Y.; Jiang, L.; Feng, Y. Spatial Distribution Changes in Nature-Based Recreation Service Supply from 2008 to 2018 in Shanghai, China. Land 2022, 11, 1862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mou, J. Extracting Network Patterns of Tourist Flows in an Urban Agglomeration Through Digital Footprints: The Case of Greater Bay Area. IEEE Access. 2022, 10, 16644–16654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, B.; Xue, D.S.; Tan, Y.M. Deciphering the Manufacturing Production Space in Global City-Regions of Developing Countries—A Case of Pearl River Delta, China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.C. Modern Industrial Geography; China Science and Technology Press: Beijing, China, 1994. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Sit, V.F.S.; Yang, C. Foreign-investment-induced Exo-urbanisation in the Pearl River Delta, China. Urban Stud. 1997, 34, 647–677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, G.D.; Fang, C.L. Quantitative function identification and analysis of urban ecological-production-living spaces. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2016, 71, 49–65. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Liu, P.F.; Sun, B.D. The spatial pattern of urban production-living-ecological space quality and its related factors in China. Geogr. Res. 2020, 39, 13–24. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, R.; Li, S.; Wei, B.; Zhou, X. Characterizing Production–Living–Ecological Space Evolution and Its Driving Factors: A Case Study of the Chaohu Lake Basin in China from 2000 to 2020. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11, 447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Liang, Y.; Ma, S.; Huang, K.; Liu, Y.; Liang, Y.; Ma, S.; Huang, K. Divergent developmental trajectories and strategic coupling in the pearl river delta: Where is a sustainable way of regional economic growth? Sustainability 2017, 9, 1782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, C. Cross-boundary integration of the Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong—An emerging global city-region in China. In Globalization and the Chinese City; Wu, F.L., Ed.; Routledge Press: London, UK, 2006; pp. 125–147. [Google Scholar]
- Guangdong Burenu of Statistics. Guangdong Statistical Yearbook 2021; China Statistics Press: Beijing, China, 2021. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Liu, S.H.; Wu, C.J.; Shen, H.Q. A GIS based model of urban land use growth in Beijing. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2000, 55, 407–416. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Xiao, J.Y.; Ge, J.F.; Shen, Y.J.; Chang, C.P.; Liang, Y.Q. Analysis on urban land use sprawl by using GIS: The case of Shijiazhuang city, China. Geogr. Res. 2003, 22, 789–798. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Wang, L.; Duan, X.J. The expansion of urbanization area in Yangtze River Detla. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2010, 30, 702–709. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Ma, X.D.; Zhu, C.G.; Ma, R.H.; Pu, Y.X. Urban spatial growth pattern and its evolution in Suzhou. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2008, 63, 405–416. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Batty, M.; Longley, P. Fractal Cities: A Geometry of Form. and Function; Academic Press: London, UK, 1994; pp. 42–49. [Google Scholar]
- Benguigui, L.; Czamanski, D.; Marinov, M.; Portugali, Y. When and where is a city fractal? Environ. Plan. B 2000, 27, 507–519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.G.; Jiang, S.G. Modeling fractal structure of systems of cities using spatial correlation function. Int. J. Artif. Life Res. IJALR 2010, 1, 12–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, J.H. Mathematical Methods in Contemporary Geography, 2nd ed.; Higher Education Press: Beijing, China, 2002. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Li, H.Q.; Yuan, W.; Ma, M.Q.; Yuan, W. Manufacturing industry agglomeration characteristics in the Pearl River Delta and evolution based on growth data. Prog. Geogr. 2018, 37, 1291–1302. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Liu, H.C.; Fan, J.; Zhang, H.P.; Wang, P.Y. Dynamics of manufacturing industry and change of its spatial pattern in the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration. Prog. Geogr. 2020, 39, 195–206. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Tan, Y.; Xue, D. From World Factory to Global City-Region: The Dynamics of Manufacturing in the Pearl River Delta and Its Spatial Pattern in the 21st Century. Land 2022, 11, 625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, R.B.; Li, X.W. Evolution of spatial pattern and influencing factors of manufacturing industries in Guangdong Province. Hum. Geogr. 2017, 32, 95–102. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Yang, C. The transformation of foreign investment-induced ‘exo(genous)-urbanisation’ amidst industrial restructuring in the Pearl River Delta, China. Urban Stud. 2020, 57, 618–635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hall, P.G. The World Cities; Heinemann: London, UK, 1966. [Google Scholar]
- Xue, D.S.; Xu, X.Q.; Chen, H.G. Xiangzhen industrial development and its local economic influence in the Pearl River Delta–Taking Beijiao in Shunde City as an Example. Hum. Geogr. 1998, 13, 35–39. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Yeh, A.G.O.; Yang, F.; Xu, Z.H. Will rural urbanization produce a new producer service space in China? Habitat Int. 2017, 67, 105–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, C.S.; Jin, W.F.; Shi, C.Y. Development strategy of the Pearl River Delta Urban Agglomeration under the current socioeconomic situation. Prog. Geogr. 2015, 34, 302–312. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Xu, X.Q.; Li, X. Review and preview of the urbanization in Pearl River Delta in the past 30 years of reform and opening up. Econ. Geogr. 2009, 29, 13–18. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Lampard, E.E. The history of cities in the economically advanced areas. In Regional Development and Planning; Friedmann, J., Alonso, W., Eds.; The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1964. [Google Scholar]
Year | GDP | Secondary Industries | Proportion of the GDP |
---|---|---|---|
1990 | CNY 100.7 billion | CNY 44.2 billion | 44% |
2000 | CNY 847.1 billion | CNY 404.4 billion | 48% |
2010 | CNY 3837.7 billion | CNY 1876.2 billion | 49% |
2020 | CNY 8952.4 billion | CNY 3625.7 billion | 41% |
Expansion Speed (%) | Expansion Strength | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1987–1997 | 1997–2007 | 2007–2017 | 1987–1997 | 1997–2007 | 2007–2017 | |
Guangzhou | 22.44 | 13.15 | 2.05 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.06 |
Foshan | 31.02 | 16.72 | 2.28 | 0.19 | 0.76 | 0.24 |
Dongguan | 34.73 | 12.45 | 0.78 | 0.48 | 1.12 | 0.13 |
Zhuhai | 21.87 | 12.96 | 6.99 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.26 |
Shenzhen | 24.54 | 12.19 | 0.62 | 0.27 | 0.66 | 0.06 |
Zhongshan | 27.07 | 13.30 | 2.23 | 0.20 | 0.53 | 0.18 |
Zhaoqing | 11.37 | 31.25 | 3.51 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Jiangmen | 27.62 | 14.07 | 2.73 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.04 |
Huizhou | 16.60 | 21.84 | 3.51 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.04 |
GZ | FS | DG | ZH | SZ | ZS | ZQ | JM | HZ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1987–1997 | I1 | 22.44 | 31.02 | 34.73 | 21.87 | 24.54 | 27.07 | 11.37 | 27.62 | 16.60 |
I2 | 0.62 | 1.91 | 4.78 | 0.68 | 2.72 | 1.95 | 0.02 | 0.34 | 0.09 | |
I3 | 14.63 | 24.15 | 43.82 | 24.31 | 38.59 | 34.11 | 10.24 | 28.38 | 10.01 | |
I | 204.20 | 1432.08 | 7272.44 | 362.66 | 2579.25 | 1800.51 | 1.91 | 266.41 | 15.62 | |
Change type | Slow change type | Drastic change type | Drastic change type | Slow change type | Drastic change type | Drastic change type | Stable type | Slow change type | Stable type | |
1997–2007 | I1 | 13.15 | 16.72 | 12.45 | 12.96 | 12.19 | 13.30 | 31.25 | 14.07 | 21.84 |
I2 | 1.75 | 7.57 | 11.25 | 1.89 | 6.62 | 5.33 | 0.35 | 1.02 | 0.74 | |
I3 | 32.85 | 70.30 | 9.08 | 9.91 | 6.69 | 9.60 | 24.92 | 13.08 | 15.40 | |
I | 755.94 | 8900.81 | 1271.59 | 242.51 | 539.70 | 680.26 | 274.54 | 187.21 | 250.12 | |
Change type | Slow change type | Drastic change type | Drastic change type | Slow change type | Slow change type | Slow change type | Slow change type | Slow change type | Slow change type | |
2007–2017 | I1 | 2.05 | 2.28 | 0.78 | 6.99 | 0.62 | 2.23 | 3.51 | 2.73 | 3.51 |
I2 | 0.56 | 2.43 | 1.31 | 2.59 | 0.62 | 1.84 | 0.16 | 0.43 | 0.36 | |
I3 | 11.63 | 3.01 | 0.55 | 4.45 | 0.26 | 0.97 | 1.07 | 1.95 | 2.69 | |
I | 13.25 | 16.67 | 0.55 | 80.42 | 0.10 | 4.00 | 0.58 | 2.29 | 3.36 | |
Change type | Stable type | Stable type | Stable type | Stable type | Stable type | Stable type | Stable type | Stable type | Stable type |
Fractal Dimension (D) | Stability Index (SK) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1987 | 1997 | 2007 | 2017 | 1987 | 1997 | 2007 | 2017 | |
Guangzhou | 1.18 | 1.15 | 1.12 | 1.15 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.36 |
Foshan | 1.20 | 1.19 | 1.11 | 1.16 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.39 | 0.35 |
Dongguan | 1.13 | 1.11 | 1.12 | 1.15 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.35 |
Zhuhai | 1.07 | 1.17 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 0.43 | 0.33 | 0.39 | 0.40 |
Shenzhen | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.14 | 1.13 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.37 |
Zhongshan | 1.04 | 1.20 | 1.17 | 1.16 | 0.46 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.34 |
Zhaoqing | 1.21 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.15 | 0.29 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.35 |
Jiangmen | 1.17 | 1.20 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.36 | 0.36 |
Huizhou | 1.20 | 1.17 | 1.16 | 1.16 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.34 |
PRD | 1.15 | 1.16 | 1.13 | 1.12 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.36 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Liu, B.; Xue, D.; Zheng, S. Evolution and Influencing Factors of Manufacturing Production Space in the Pearl River Delta—Based on the Perspective of Global City-Region. Land 2023, 12, 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020419
Liu B, Xue D, Zheng S. Evolution and Influencing Factors of Manufacturing Production Space in the Pearl River Delta—Based on the Perspective of Global City-Region. Land. 2023; 12(2):419. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020419
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Bo, Desheng Xue, and Sijun Zheng. 2023. "Evolution and Influencing Factors of Manufacturing Production Space in the Pearl River Delta—Based on the Perspective of Global City-Region" Land 12, no. 2: 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020419
APA StyleLiu, B., Xue, D., & Zheng, S. (2023). Evolution and Influencing Factors of Manufacturing Production Space in the Pearl River Delta—Based on the Perspective of Global City-Region. Land, 12(2), 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020419