Photocatalytic Removal of Ciprofloxacin in Water by Novel Sandwich-like CuFe2O4 on rGO/Halloysite Material: Insights into Kinetics and Intermediate Reactive Radicals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Graphene Oxide (GO) Elaboration
2.3. Extraction of Halloysite Nanotubes
2.4. Elaboration of rGO/HNT
2.5. Elaboration of the CuFe2O4/Nanocomposite
2.6. Material Characterizations
2.7. Catalytic Activity Evaluation
2.8. Experimental Results Calculation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Material Characterizations
3.2. Impact of Active-Phase Loading
3.3. Photodegradation Kinetics of CIP
3.4. Impact of Solution pH
3.4.1. CuFe2O4/rGO/HNT Point of Zero Charge (pHpzc) Determination
3.4.2. Influence of pH
3.5. The Scavengers Test
3.6. The CIP Photodegradation Mechanism with CuFe2O4/rGO/HNT
3.6.1. Calculation of the Conduction Band and Valence Band Energy (ECB, EVB)
3.6.2. The CIP Photochemical Degradation Mechanism with CuFe2O4/rGO/HNT
3.6.3. Total Organic Carbon Measurement
3.7. Reusability of the Photocatalyst
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pseudo-First-Order Rate Law | Pseudo-Second-Order Rate Law | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Catalyst Weight | Linear Equation | k | R2 | Linear Equation | k | R2 |
2.5 mg | y = 0.1226x + 1.0001 | 0.1226 | 0.999 | y = 0.0366x + 0.0394 | 0.0366 | 0.9664 |
5 mg | y = 0.2115x + 0.9088 | 0.2115 | 0.9997 | y = 0.1058x − 0.1227 | 0.1058 | 0.9322 |
7.5 mg | y = 0.3793x + 0.7277 | 0.3793 | 0.9984 | y = 0.3679x − 0.7391 | 0.3679 | 0.8292 |
Initial pH | 11 | 8.94 | 7.02 | 5 | 3 |
Final PH | 10.1 | 7.94 | 6.16 | 6.02 | 5.7 |
Cu (eV) | Fe (eV) | O (eV) | |
---|---|---|---|
Ionization energy | 7.726 | 7.902 | 13.618 |
Electron affinity | 1.2271 | 0.1627 | 1.4613 |
χ | 4.47655 | 4.0324 | 7.53965 |
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Ngo, H.-S.; Nguyen, T.-L.; Tran, N.-T.; Le, H.-C. Photocatalytic Removal of Ciprofloxacin in Water by Novel Sandwich-like CuFe2O4 on rGO/Halloysite Material: Insights into Kinetics and Intermediate Reactive Radicals. Water 2023, 15, 1569. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081569
Ngo H-S, Nguyen T-L, Tran N-T, Le H-C. Photocatalytic Removal of Ciprofloxacin in Water by Novel Sandwich-like CuFe2O4 on rGO/Halloysite Material: Insights into Kinetics and Intermediate Reactive Radicals. Water. 2023; 15(8):1569. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081569
Chicago/Turabian StyleNgo, Ha-Son, Thi-Linh Nguyen, Ngoc-Tuan Tran, and Hanh-Chi Le. 2023. "Photocatalytic Removal of Ciprofloxacin in Water by Novel Sandwich-like CuFe2O4 on rGO/Halloysite Material: Insights into Kinetics and Intermediate Reactive Radicals" Water 15, no. 8: 1569. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081569