Evaluation of Design Flow Rate of Water Supply Systems with Low Flow Showering Appliances
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Reviews on Design Flow Rate
3. Occupant Loads and Water Demand Patterns in High-Rise Buildings in Hong Kong
4. Methodology
4.1. Models of Design Flow Rate
4.2. Energy Efficiency of a Water Supply System
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Simulated Water Demand Time Series
5.2. Simulated Design Flow Rates for Water Supply Systems
5.3. Evaluation of Energy Efficiency for Water Supply Systems with Different Design Flow Rates
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Appliance | Parameter | Value | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conventional | Showerhead | Flow rate (L/s) | Max | 0.20 | [34] |
Min | 0.10 | [34] | |||
Mean | 0.16 | [34] | |||
Discharge time (s) | Max | 359 | [34] | ||
Min | 240 | [34] | |||
Mean | 310.2 | [34] | |||
Wash basin | Flow rate (L/s) | Max | 0.23 | [30] | |
Min | 0.03 | [35] | |||
AM1 | 0.13 | [36] | |||
Discharge time (s) | GM2 | 23.2 | [36] | ||
Kitchen sink | Flow rate (L/s) | Max | 0.26 | [30] | |
Min | 0.03 | [35] | |||
AM1 | 0.15 | [36] | |||
Discharge time (s) | GM2 | 257 | [36] | ||
Washing machine | Flow rate (L/s) | AM1 | 0.2 | [36] | |
Discharge time (s) | GM2 | 150 | [36] | ||
Low flow | Showerhead | Flow rate (L/s) | Max | 0.15 | [35] |
Min | 0.07 | [35] | |||
Mean | 0.11 | ||||
Discharge time (s) | Mean | 310.2 | [34] |
Parameter | Case A | Case B |
---|---|---|
Total tank size (m3) Vo | 41 | 41 |
Daily consumption (m3) V∞ | 535–590 | 474–521 |
Design inflow rate (L·s−1) qo | 17.9 | 15.1 |
Feed pipe water velocity (m·s−1) vo | 1.95 | 1.60 |
Friction head loss (m) Hf | 5.55 | 4.05 |
System energy efficiency αt | 0.266 | 0.270 |
Total electricity power (kW) Pt | 1.77 | 1.09 |
Daily pumping energy (kWh) Epump | 274–302 | 239–263 |
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Zhou, Y.; Mui, K.-w.; Wong, L.-t. Evaluation of Design Flow Rate of Water Supply Systems with Low Flow Showering Appliances. Water 2019, 11, 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010100
Zhou Y, Mui K-w, Wong L-t. Evaluation of Design Flow Rate of Water Supply Systems with Low Flow Showering Appliances. Water. 2019; 11(1):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010100
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Yang, Kwok-wai Mui, and Ling-tim Wong. 2019. "Evaluation of Design Flow Rate of Water Supply Systems with Low Flow Showering Appliances" Water 11, no. 1: 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010100
APA StyleZhou, Y., Mui, K.-w., & Wong, L.-t. (2019). Evaluation of Design Flow Rate of Water Supply Systems with Low Flow Showering Appliances. Water, 11(1), 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010100