Fibrotic Signaling in Cardiac Fibroblasts and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: The Dual Roles of Fibrosis in HFpEF and CAD
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Dual Roles of Fibrotic Remodeling in Cardiovascular Disease
1.2. Cardiac Fibroblasts Regulate Fibrotic Remodeling of the Myocardium
1.3. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Regulate Fibrotic Remodeling in Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaques
2. Studying CFs and VSMCs In Vitro
3. Signaling Pathways That Drive ECM Remodeling in CFs and VSMCs
3.1. TGF-β Signaling
3.2. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
3.3. Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling
3.4. PDGF Signaling
3.5. Interleukins
3.5.1. IL-1
3.5.2. IL-6
3.5.3. IL-11
3.5.4. IL-17
3.5.5. IL-18
3.6. Mechanical Signaling
4. TGF-β and Angiotensin II Signaling Pathways—Center of Stage for ECM Remodeling in Both CFs and VSMCs
5. Clinical Studies of TGF-β or RAAS Inhibition: Effects on Fibrotic Remodeling
5.1. Anti-TGF-β Treatment
5.2. Pirfenidone
5.3. RAAS Inhibitors
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bachmann, J.C.; Baumgart, S.J.; Uryga, A.K.; Bosteen, M.H.; Borghetti, G.; Nyberg, M.; Herum, K.M. Fibrotic Signaling in Cardiac Fibroblasts and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: The Dual Roles of Fibrosis in HFpEF and CAD. Cells 2022, 11, 1657. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11101657
Bachmann JC, Baumgart SJ, Uryga AK, Bosteen MH, Borghetti G, Nyberg M, Herum KM. Fibrotic Signaling in Cardiac Fibroblasts and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: The Dual Roles of Fibrosis in HFpEF and CAD. Cells. 2022; 11(10):1657. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11101657
Chicago/Turabian StyleBachmann, Julian C., Simon J. Baumgart, Anna K. Uryga, Markus H. Bosteen, Giulia Borghetti, Michael Nyberg, and Kate M. Herum. 2022. "Fibrotic Signaling in Cardiac Fibroblasts and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: The Dual Roles of Fibrosis in HFpEF and CAD" Cells 11, no. 10: 1657. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11101657
APA StyleBachmann, J. C., Baumgart, S. J., Uryga, A. K., Bosteen, M. H., Borghetti, G., Nyberg, M., & Herum, K. M. (2022). Fibrotic Signaling in Cardiac Fibroblasts and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: The Dual Roles of Fibrosis in HFpEF and CAD. Cells, 11(10), 1657. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11101657