Figure 1.
The sketch of UAV, wind and flight direction is shown in diagram to simulate the actual spray picture. The target area is set under the UAV and the off-target area is set down wind relative to the UAV.
Figure 1.
The sketch of UAV, wind and flight direction is shown in diagram to simulate the actual spray picture. The target area is set under the UAV and the off-target area is set down wind relative to the UAV.
Figure 2.
Computational domain and boundary setup are shown. The two nozzles are positioned on top of the domain.
Figure 2.
Computational domain and boundary setup are shown. The two nozzles are positioned on top of the domain.
Figure 3.
Droplets deposition in target area at different wind speed (0 m s−1 and 3 m s−1). (a) The distribution of droplets is ideal at 0 m s−1, (b) The droplet was influenced by wind clearly and the distribution of droplets is not satisfied at 3 m s−1.
Figure 3.
Droplets deposition in target area at different wind speed (0 m s−1 and 3 m s−1). (a) The distribution of droplets is ideal at 0 m s−1, (b) The droplet was influenced by wind clearly and the distribution of droplets is not satisfied at 3 m s−1.
Figure 4.
The natural curve of droplets is shown by solid lines and the drift curve influenced by wind is shown by dotted lines, a0 is overlap width, y2 is the drift distance of near tuyere edge, y3 is the drift distance of far tuyere edge, and y4 is the overlap width influenced by wind.
Figure 4.
The natural curve of droplets is shown by solid lines and the drift curve influenced by wind is shown by dotted lines, a0 is overlap width, y2 is the drift distance of near tuyere edge, y3 is the drift distance of far tuyere edge, and y4 is the overlap width influenced by wind.
Figure 5.
Concentration of droplets deposition at different wind speeds, (a) 0 m s−1, (b) 1 m s−1, (c) 3 m s−1, and (d) 5 m s−1. X-axis indicates a different position of target area and off-target area. Y-axis shows DPM concentration (kg m−3) of droplets deposition at different wind speeds, 0 m s−1, 1 m s−1, 3 m s−1, and 5 m s−1. The point means concentration of different position, the dotted line means the droplet concentration deposition center, and the solid line means the biggest concentration of corresponding point.
Figure 5.
Concentration of droplets deposition at different wind speeds, (a) 0 m s−1, (b) 1 m s−1, (c) 3 m s−1, and (d) 5 m s−1. X-axis indicates a different position of target area and off-target area. Y-axis shows DPM concentration (kg m−3) of droplets deposition at different wind speeds, 0 m s−1, 1 m s−1, 3 m s−1, and 5 m s−1. The point means concentration of different position, the dotted line means the droplet concentration deposition center, and the solid line means the biggest concentration of corresponding point.
Figure 6.
The relationship between wind speed and drift distance (center point, near tuyere edge, far tuyere edge, and overlap width).
Figure 6.
The relationship between wind speed and drift distance (center point, near tuyere edge, far tuyere edge, and overlap width).
Figure 7.
Concentration of droplets deposition under different pressures, (a) 0.2 MPa, (b) 0.3 MPa, and (c) 0.4 MPa. X-axis indicates different position of target area and off-target area, Y-axis shows DPM Concentration (kg m−3) of droplets deposition under different pressure, 0.2 MPa, 0.3 MPa, and 0.4 MPa. The point means concentration of different position, the dotted line means the droplet concentration deposition center, and the solid line means the biggest concentration of corresponding point.
Figure 7.
Concentration of droplets deposition under different pressures, (a) 0.2 MPa, (b) 0.3 MPa, and (c) 0.4 MPa. X-axis indicates different position of target area and off-target area, Y-axis shows DPM Concentration (kg m−3) of droplets deposition under different pressure, 0.2 MPa, 0.3 MPa, and 0.4 MPa. The point means concentration of different position, the dotted line means the droplet concentration deposition center, and the solid line means the biggest concentration of corresponding point.
Figure 8.
The relationship between pressure and drift distance (center point, near tuyere edge, far tuyere edge and overlap width).
Figure 8.
The relationship between pressure and drift distance (center point, near tuyere edge, far tuyere edge and overlap width).
Figure 9.
Concentration of droplets deposition in different spray heights, (a) 0.8 m, (b) 1 m, and (c) 1.5 m. X-axis means different position of target area and off-target area, Y-axis means DPM Concentration (kg m−3) of droplets deposition in different spray height, 0.8 m, 1 m, and 1.5 m. The point means concentration of different position, the dotted line means the droplet concentration deposition center and the solid line means the biggest concentration of corresponding point.
Figure 9.
Concentration of droplets deposition in different spray heights, (a) 0.8 m, (b) 1 m, and (c) 1.5 m. X-axis means different position of target area and off-target area, Y-axis means DPM Concentration (kg m−3) of droplets deposition in different spray height, 0.8 m, 1 m, and 1.5 m. The point means concentration of different position, the dotted line means the droplet concentration deposition center and the solid line means the biggest concentration of corresponding point.
Figure 10.
The relationship between spray height and drift distance (center point, near tuyere edge, far tuyere edge, and overlap width).
Figure 10.
The relationship between spray height and drift distance (center point, near tuyere edge, far tuyere edge, and overlap width).
Figure 11.
Trace of droplet drift curve at wind speed 0, 1, 3, and 5 m s−1 when spray height was 1.5 m and inlet pressure was 3 MPa. (a) The droplets have no drift at 0 m s−1, (b) The droplets hardly drift at 1 m s−1, (c) The droplets have obvious drift at 3 m s−1, (d) The droplets have serious drift at 5 m s−1.
Figure 11.
Trace of droplet drift curve at wind speed 0, 1, 3, and 5 m s−1 when spray height was 1.5 m and inlet pressure was 3 MPa. (a) The droplets have no drift at 0 m s−1, (b) The droplets hardly drift at 1 m s−1, (c) The droplets have obvious drift at 3 m s−1, (d) The droplets have serious drift at 5 m s−1.
Figure 12.
Droplet drift curve of different wind speed (3 and 5 m s−1), X-axis means deposition area of 0 to 10m, and Y-axis means spray height. (a) The droplet angle was 90° and 20.67° at 3 m s−1, (b) The droplet angle was 70.42° and 11.27° at 5 m s−1.
Figure 12.
Droplet drift curve of different wind speed (3 and 5 m s−1), X-axis means deposition area of 0 to 10m, and Y-axis means spray height. (a) The droplet angle was 90° and 20.67° at 3 m s−1, (b) The droplet angle was 70.42° and 11.27° at 5 m s−1.
Table 1.
Parameters of the flat fan atomizer used to simulate XR8002 nozzle.
Table 1.
Parameters of the flat fan atomizer used to simulate XR8002 nozzle.
Parameters (Unit) | Value |
---|
X-Center (m) | 1.75/2.25 |
Y-Center (m) | 2 |
Z-Center (m) | 1.494 |
X-Virtual Center (m) | 1.75/2.25 |
Y-Virtual Center (m) | 2 |
Z-Virtual Center (m) | 1.5 |
X-Fan Normal Vector | 0 |
Y-Fan Normal Vector | −1 |
Z-Fan Normal Vector | 1 |
Flow Rate (kg s−1) | 0.01316 |
Spray Half Angle (deg) | 40 |
Orifice Width (m) | 0.00091 |
Flat Fan Sheet Constant | 3 |
Atomizer Dispersion Angle (deg) | 6 |
Table 2.
Total variates of spray height (0.8, 1, and 1.5 m), pressure (0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 MPa) and wind speed (0, 1, 3, and 5 m s−1).
Table 2.
Total variates of spray height (0.8, 1, and 1.5 m), pressure (0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 MPa) and wind speed (0, 1, 3, and 5 m s−1).
Spray Height(m) | 0.8 | 1 | 1.5 |
---|
Pressure (MPa) | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
---|
Wind Speed (m s−1) | | | | | | | | | |
---|
0 | A11 | A12 | A13 | B11 | B12 | B13 | C11 | C12 | C13 |
1 | A21 | A22 | A23 | B21 | B22 | B23 | C21 | C22 | C23 |
3 | A31 | A32 | A33 | B31 | B32 | B33 | C31 | C32 | C33 |
5 | A41 | A42 | A43 | B41 | B42 | B43 | C41 | C42 | C43 |
Table 3.
Droplet drift distance of deposition center, near tuyere edge, far tuyere edge, and overlap width at different wind speed, 0 m s−1, 1 m s−1, 3 m s−1 and 5 m s−1.
Table 3.
Droplet drift distance of deposition center, near tuyere edge, far tuyere edge, and overlap width at different wind speed, 0 m s−1, 1 m s−1, 3 m s−1 and 5 m s−1.
Wind Speed (m s−1) | Deposition Center (m) | Near Tuyere Edge (m) | Far Tuyere Edge (m) | Overlap Width (m) |
---|
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.20 |
1 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.65 |
3 | 0.45 | 0.25 | 2.40 | 2.35 |
5 | 0.85 | 0.55 | 4.60 | 3.95 |
Table 4.
Droplet drift distance of deposition center, near tuyere edge, far tuyere edge, and overlap width under different pressure, 0.2 MPa, 0.3 MPa, and 0.4 MPa.
Table 4.
Droplet drift distance of deposition center, near tuyere edge, far tuyere edge, and overlap width under different pressure, 0.2 MPa, 0.3 MPa, and 0.4 MPa.
Pressure (MPa) | Deposition Center (m) | Near Tuyere Edge (m) | Far Tuyere Edge (m) | Overlap Width (m) |
---|
0.2 | 0.60 | 0.25 | 1.70 | 1.55 |
0.3 | 0.45 | 0.25 | 2.40 | 2.35 |
0.4 | 0.65 | 0.35 | 2.85 | 2.70 |
Table 5.
Droplet drift distance of deposition center, near tuyere edge, far tuyere edge, and overlap width in different spray height, 0.8 m, 1 m, and 1.5 m.
Table 5.
Droplet drift distance of deposition center, near tuyere edge, far tuyere edge, and overlap width in different spray height, 0.8 m, 1 m, and 1.5 m.
Spray Height (m) | Deposition Center (m) | Near Tuyere Edge (m) | Far Tuyere Edge (m) | Overlap Width (m) |
---|
0.8 | 0.35 | 0.15 | 1.55 | 1.35 |
1 | 0.45 | 0.25 | 2.40 | 2.60 |
1.5 | 0.60 | 0.35 | 3.25 | 2.75 |
Table 6.
The variance and regression analysis of the influence of three factors on edge drift distance, deposition center drift distance, and overlap width analysis.
Table 6.
The variance and regression analysis of the influence of three factors on edge drift distance, deposition center drift distance, and overlap width analysis.
Dependent Variable | Source of Difference | Regression Coefficient | T-Distribution Value | Significance | 95% Confidence Interval | R | R2 |
---|
Lower Limit | Upper Limit |
---|
Y1 | Xw | 0.887 | 9.941 | ** | 0.702 | 1.071 | 0.915 | 0.837 |
Xp | 0.550 | 3.083 | * | 0.181 | 0.919 |
Xh | 1.552 | 3.137 | * | 0.529 | 2.576 |
C | −3.096 | −4.752 | | −5.606 | −2.206 |
Y2 | Xw | 0.167 | 8.196 | ** | 0.125 | 0.209 | 0.880 | 0.774 |
Xp | 0.085 | 2.083 | * | 0.001 | 0.169 |
Xh | 0.308 | 2.728 | * | 0.074 | 0.541 |
C | −0.667 | −3.558 | | −1.054 | −0.279 |
Y3 | Xw | 0.692 | 8.303 | ** | 0.520 | 0.865 | 0.892 | 0.795 |
Xp | 0.529 | 3.173 | * | 0.184 | 0.874 |
Xh | 1.469 | 3.176 | * | 0.512 | 2.426 |
C | −3.374 | −4.391 | | −4.963 | −1.785 |