Microplastics Determination in Gastrointestinal Tracts of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and Gilt-Head Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) from Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Contamination Control
2.2. Sample Processing and Observation
2.3. MicroFourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sampling and Sample Treatment
3.2. Microplastics Occurrence
3.3. Composition of the Microfibers
3.4. Comparison with Previous Studies Published in the Literature
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species (n) | Fork Length (cm) | Standard Length (cm) | Specimen Weight (g) | Gastrointestinal Tracts Weight (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Europen sea-bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) n = 45 | 37.5 ± 1.4 cm Min = 33.8 cm Max = 41.6 cm | 33.7 ± 2.0 cm Min = 30.1 cm Max = 40.6 cm | 660.5 ± 46.3 g Min = 536.4 g Max = 787.3 g | 11.0 ± 1.6 g Min = 8.1 g Max = 16.4 g |
Gilt-head sea bream (Sparus aurata) n = 41 | 31.4 ± 2.7 cm Min = 26.0 cm Max = 36.5 cm | 27.1 ± 2.3 cm Min = 22.5 cm Max = 34.0 cm | 609.7 ± 125.8 g Min = 322.2 g Max = 804.6 g | 12.7 ± 2.8 g Min = 6.8 g Max = 17.2 g |
Species (n) | Total Number of Particles Found | Average Items/Individual ± SD | Items/Individual Range | Average Items Length ± SD | Items Length Range | Shape Classification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) n = 45 | 242 | 5.4 ± 4.2 | 1–23 | 1957 ± 1699 μm | 221 μm–12.4 mm | 242 microfibers (100%) |
Gilt-head sea bream (Sparus aurata) n = 41 | 208 * | 5.1 ± 5.1 | 0–17 | 1988 ± 1853 μm | 69 μm–12.4 mm | 200 microfibers (96.1%) 1 line (0.5%) 1 film (0.5%) 1 fragment (0.5%) 5 tangled messes (2.4%) |
Location | Species | Number of Individuals Analysed | Digestion | Items/Individual | Shape (%) | Fibers Length | Colours (%) | Chemical Composition | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tenerife, Canary Islands, Atlantic Ocean | Dicentrarchus labrax (farmed) | 83 | 10% KOH three times the organic material, room temperature, 2 weeks | 1.43 ± 1.75 | Fibers (81.0%) Fragments (12.0%) Films (4.0%) Lines (3.0%) | - | Blue (26.3%) Yellow (23.7%) Black (16.9%) Transparent (14.4%) Pink (5.1%) White (2.5%) Red (2.5%) Green (1.7%) Silver (1.7%) Grey (1.7%) Yellowish semitransparent (1.7%) Brown (0.8%) Purple (0.8%) | Fibers (11) Cellulose/Cellophane (55.0%) Nylon (27.0%) Rayon (9.0%) Acrylic (9.0%)] Particles (20) PE (25.0%) PP (25.0%) PS (5.0%) SAN (5.0%) PA (5.0%) EPDM (5.0%) E/p (5.0%) EVA (5.0%) Polynorbornene (5.0%) Nitrocellulose (5.0%) Epoxy resin (5.0%) Phenolic resin (5.0%) | [7] |
Gran Canaria and Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Atlantic Ocean | Scomber colias (wild) | 120 | 10% KOH | 2.17 ± 2.04 | Fibers (74.2%) Fragments (11.9%) Paints (11.5%) Lines (1.5%) Films (0.8%) | - | Blue (55.0%) Dark/Black (23.5%) Red (10.4%) Green (5.0%) Clear/White (4.6%) Yellow/Brown (1.5%) | - | [19] |
Eastern Central Atlantic Ocean, Coast of Ghana | Sardinella maderensis (wild) | 80 | 20 mL of 10 M KOH at 60 °C for 24 h | 32.0 ± 2.7 | Pellets (31.0%) Microbeads (29.0%) Burnt plastic films (22.0%) Clear plastic fragments (6.0%) White plastic fragments (3.0%) Green plastic fragment (5.0%) Thread plastics (2.0%) Microfibers (2.0%) Foams (<0.1%) | - | - | - | [26] |
Sardinella aurita (wild) | 47 | 26.0 ± 1.6 | |||||||
Dentex angolensis (wild) | 28 | 40.0 ± 3.8 | |||||||
Portuguese coast, Atlantic Ocean | Sardina pilchardus (wild) | 20 | 10% KOH at room temperature for 2 days | 0.26 ± 0.56 | Fibers (71.0%) Fragments (24.0%) Films (6.0%) | 11.47 ± 19.05 mm | Blue (35.0%) Transparent (29.0%) Green (12.0%) Black (12.0%) Red and Purple (<6.0%) | - | [27] |
Trachurus trachurus (wild) | 20 | 0.37 ± 0.60 | 0.54 ± 0.53 mm | ||||||
Scomber spp. (wild) | 13 | 0.38 ± 0.51 | 1.13 ± 1.09 mm | ||||||
Portuguese coast, Atlantic Ocean | Trachurus trachurus (wild) | 82 | 10% KOH | 2.24 ± 2.05 | Fibers (88.0%) Fragments (12.0%) | 1090 ± 1011 µm | Blue (39.0%) Black (25.0%) Red (12.0%) Green (12.0%) Transparent (12.0%) | PET (64.0%) PE (27.0%) PP (9.0%) | [28] |
Scomber colias (wild) | 82 | 2.46 ± 4.12 | Fibers (70.0%) Fragments (30.0%) | PE (47.0%) PET (34.0%) PP (16.0%) PA (3.0%) | |||||
North and Central Moroccan Atlantic coast | Trachurus trachurus (wild) | 147 | - | 0.46 ± 1.29 | Fibers (58.0%) Fragments (40.0%) Films (2.0%) | - | Blue (33.0%) White (31.0%) Red (16.0%) Black (11.0%) Green (7.0%) Yellow (2.0%) | Acrylic (47.0%) PS (32.0%) Others (21.0%) | [29] |
Arona, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Atlantic Ocean | Dicentrarchus labrax (farmed) | 45 | 10% KOH 60 °C 24 h | 5.4 ± 4.2 | Fibers (100%) | 221 µm–12.4 mm | Colourless (47.7%) Blue (35.3%) Black (8.7%) Red (4.2%) Yellow (2.5%) Grey (0.8%) Green (0.4%) Violet (0.4% | Cellulosics (60.7%) Polyester (7.1%) Polyacrylonitrile (7.1%) Poly (ether-urethane) (3.6%) Non identified (21.4%) | This study |
Sparus aurata (farmed) | 41 | 5.1 ± 5.1 | Fibers (96.1%) Line (0.5%) Tangled messes (2.4%) Films (0.5%) Fragments (0.5%) | 69 µm–12.4 mm | Colourless (60.9%) Blue (24.8%) Black (7.9%) Red (5.4%) White (0.5%) Pink (0.5%) | Cellulosics (56.1%) Alkid resin (2.4%) Polyester (17.1%) Polyacrylonitrile (4.9%) Non identified (19.5%) |
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Sánchez-Almeida, R.; Hernández-Sánchez, C.; Villanova-Solano, C.; Díaz-Peña, F.J.; Clemente, S.; González-Sálamo, J.; González-Pleiter, M.; Hernández-Borges, J. Microplastics Determination in Gastrointestinal Tracts of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and Gilt-Head Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) from Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). Polymers 2022, 14, 1931. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14101931
Sánchez-Almeida R, Hernández-Sánchez C, Villanova-Solano C, Díaz-Peña FJ, Clemente S, González-Sálamo J, González-Pleiter M, Hernández-Borges J. Microplastics Determination in Gastrointestinal Tracts of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and Gilt-Head Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) from Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). Polymers. 2022; 14(10):1931. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14101931
Chicago/Turabian StyleSánchez-Almeida, Raquel, Cintia Hernández-Sánchez, Cristina Villanova-Solano, Francisco Javier Díaz-Peña, Sabrina Clemente, Javier González-Sálamo, Miguel González-Pleiter, and Javier Hernández-Borges. 2022. "Microplastics Determination in Gastrointestinal Tracts of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and Gilt-Head Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) from Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)" Polymers 14, no. 10: 1931. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14101931