Effect of MnO2 Crystal Type on the Oxidation of Furfural to Furoic Acid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Furfural Oxidation Properties of Different Crystalline MnO2
2.2. Structural Properties of Different Crystalline MnO2
2.3. Oxidation Capacity of Different Crystalline MnO2
2.4. Discussion
2.4.1. The Role of the Hydroxyl Group of MnO2
2.4.2. The Role of Active Oxygen Species of MnO2
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of MnO2 with Different Crystalline Forms
4.2. Evaluation of Catalysts
4.3. Catalyst Reuse
4.4. Catalyst Characterization
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalyst Name | Temperature /(°C) | O2 Pressure/(MPa) | Reaction Time/(h) | Catalyst Weight/(g) | Conver. 1 /(%) | Propo.FA 2/(%) | Productivity/(mmolfuroic acid/gcat/h) | Carbon Balance 3/(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α-MnO2 | 60 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 3.48 | 100 | 0.09 | 96.19 |
α-MnO2 | 80 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 3.37 | 100 | 0.09 | 98.47 |
α-MnO2 | 100 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 4.44 | 100 | 0.12 | 95.57 |
α-MnO2 | 120 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 5.02 | 100 | 0.13 | 91.64 |
β-MnO2 | 60 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 3.43 | 100 | 0.09 | 91.26 |
β-MnO2 | 80 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 3.74 | 100 | 0.10 | 90.20 |
β-MnO2 | 100 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 4.48 | 100 | 0.12 | 94.70 |
β-MnO2 | 120 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 5.89 | 100 | 0.15 | 91.22 |
γ-MnO2 | 60 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 5.79 | 100 | 0.15 | 96.67 |
γ-MnO2 | 80 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 5.80 | 100 | 0.15 | 93.68 |
γ-MnO2 | 100 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 6.76 | 100 | 0.18 | 96.13 |
γ-MnO2 | 120 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 9. 23 | 100 | 0.24 | 99.05 |
δ-MnO2 | 60 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 17.03 | 100 | 0.44 | 98.44 |
δ-MnO2 | 80 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 39.09 | 100 | 1.02 | 85.99 |
δ-MnO2 | 100 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 50.07 | 100 | 1.42 | 85.77 |
δ-MnO2 | 120 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 69.68 | 100 | 1.81 | 88.44 |
δ-MnO2 | 100 | 1 | 3 | 0.2 | 63.52 | 100 | 0.55 | 94.47 |
δ-MnO2 | 100 | 1 | 6 | 0.2 | 67.06 | 100 | 0.29 | 88.83 |
δ-MnO2 | 100 | 1 | 12 | 0.2 | 78.37 | 100 | 0.17 | 91.81 |
δ-MnO2 | 100 | 1 | 24 | 0.2 | 88.54 | 100 | 0.10 | 75.61 |
δ-MnO2 | 100 | 1 | 12 | 0.05 | 22.23 | 100 | 0.19 | 96.40 |
δ-MnO2 | 100 | 1 | 12 | 0.2 | 78.37 | 100 | 0.17 | 91.81 |
δ-MnO2 | 100 | 1 | 12 | 0.3 | 99.04 | 100 | 0.14 | 89.56 |
Catalyst | Oxygen Species Type | Position/Ev | Area Percentage/% |
---|---|---|---|
α-MnO2 | OL 1 | 530.06 | 82.6034 |
OS 2 | 531.44 | 10.5468 | |
OW 3 | 532.15 | 6.8498 | |
β-MnO2 | OL | 529.95 | 81.7358 |
OS | 531.38 | 11.3416 | |
OW | 532.14 | 6.9227 | |
γ-MnO2 | OL | 530.02 | 81.0782 |
OS | 531.42 | 11.3644 | |
OW | 532.13 | 7.5575 | |
δ-MnO2 | OL | 529.96 | 58.3633 |
OS | 530.43 | 27.6973 | |
OW | 531.70 | 13.9394 |
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Wu, X.; Guo, H.; Jia, L.; Xiao, Y.; Hou, B.; Li, D. Effect of MnO2 Crystal Type on the Oxidation of Furfural to Furoic Acid. Catalysts 2023, 13, 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13040663
Wu X, Guo H, Jia L, Xiao Y, Hou B, Li D. Effect of MnO2 Crystal Type on the Oxidation of Furfural to Furoic Acid. Catalysts. 2023; 13(4):663. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13040663
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Xu, Heqin Guo, Litao Jia, Yong Xiao, Bo Hou, and Debao Li. 2023. "Effect of MnO2 Crystal Type on the Oxidation of Furfural to Furoic Acid" Catalysts 13, no. 4: 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13040663