Treatment of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma—A Multidisciplinary Approach
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Diagnostics
3. Liver Resection
3.1. Role of Lymphadenectomy
3.2. Role of Resection Margins
3.3. Minimally Invasive Liver Resection
3.4. Management of the Future Liver Remnant
4. Liver Transplantation
5. Systemic Treatment
5.1. Role for Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinomas
5.2. Adjuvant Chemotherapy
6. Interventional Treatments
7. Targeted Therapies
8. Role of Immunotherapies
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Small Duct Type | Large Duct Type | |
---|---|---|
Morphology | Mass-forming | Periductal (±mass-forming) or intraductal growing |
Histology | Small, tubular or acinar adenocarcinoma with nodular growth, invasive into liver parenchyma and minimal mucin production | Large intrahepatic bile ducts, mucin-producing columnar tumor cells arranged in a large ductal or papillary architecture |
Precancerous lesions | None | Biliary epithelial neoplasia, IPNB, ITPN, mucinous cystic neoplasm |
Predisposing Diseases | Hepatitis, cirrhosis | PSC, biliary helminthosis, concrements |
Mutations Fusions Amplifications | BAP1, BRAF, ARID1A, KRAS, TP53, SMAD4, IDH1/2, FGFR2 fusion | BRCA-1/2-Mut; Her-2-Amp; MSI-high |
Trial ID | Protocol | Status | Estimated Enrollment | Estimated Study Completion |
---|---|---|---|---|
NCT04361331Huang XiaoyongShanghai | Toripalimab (PD1)+Lenvatinib vs. Gemox+Lenvatinib in for nonesectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma | recruiting | 60 | December 2021 |
NCT02170090 University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany | Adjuvant Chemotherapy With Gemcitabine and Cisplatin Compared to Standard of Care After Curative Intent Resection of Biliary Tract Cancer (ACTICCA-1) | recruiting | 781 | April 2022 |
NCT03230318 Mayo Clinic Phoenix, Arizona, United States | Derazantinib in Subjects With FGFR2 Gene Fusion-, Mutation- or Amplification- Positive Inoperable or Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma | recruiting | 143 | June 2022 |
NCT04057365 Massachusetts General Hospital, USA | Study of the Combination of DKN-01 and Nivolumab in Previously Treated Patients With Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer (BTC) | recruiting | 30 | August 2022 |
NCT04961788 Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital | Anti-PD1 Antibody Toripalimab Combined With Gemox as First-line Therapy in Late-stage Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma | recruiting | 30 | December 2022 |
NCT04961788; Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital | PD1 Antibody (Toripalimab), GEMOX and Lenvatinib vs. no neoadjuvant chemotherapy for resectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma With High-risk Recurrence Factors | recruiting | 128 | August 2023 |
NCT05052099 University Hospital, Essen Germany | Phase Ib/II Single-arm Study of mFOLFOX6, Bevacizumab and Atezolizumab in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer (COMBATBIL) | recruiting | 35 | June 2024 |
NCT04989218 University of Alabama at Birmingham | Durvalumab and Tremelimumab With Platinum-based Chemotherapy in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) | not yet recruiting | 20 | October 2024 |
NCT04301778 Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center Baltimore, United States | Durvalumab in Combination With a CSF-1R Inhibitor (SNDX-6532) Following Chemo or Radio-Embolization for Patients With Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma | recruiting | 30 | September 2025 |
NCT03673072 Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt Germany | Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin Followed by Radical Liver Resection Versus Immediate Radical Liver Resection Alone With or Without Adjuvant Chemotherapy in in Front of Radical Resection of BTC (GAIN) | recruiting | 300 | November 2024 |
Molecular Alteration | Frequency (%) | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|
Authorized targeting drug available | FGFR2 translocation | 15–18 | Komuta et al. [120] |
IDH1/2 | 10–15 | Javle et al. [115] | |
BRAF V600E | 3–6 | Hyman et al. [121] | |
ERBB2 | 2–3 | Oh and Bang et al. [122] | |
MSI-H | 1–2 | Le et al. [123] | |
NTRK1-3 | <1 | Kam et al. [119] | |
NRG1 | <1 | Kam et al. [119] | |
Authorized targeting drug not available | TP53 mutation | 20–30 | Thornblade et al. [124] |
RAS mutation | 10–20 | Thornblade et al. [124] | |
ARID1A | 5–15 | Bezrookove et al. [125] | |
BAP1 | 5–15 | Moshbeh et al. [126] |
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Krenzien, F.; Nevermann, N.; Krombholz, A.; Benzing, C.; Haber, P.; Fehrenbach, U.; Lurje, G.; Pelzer, U.; Pratschke, J.; Schmelzle, M.; et al. Treatment of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma—A Multidisciplinary Approach. Cancers 2022, 14, 362. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14020362
Krenzien F, Nevermann N, Krombholz A, Benzing C, Haber P, Fehrenbach U, Lurje G, Pelzer U, Pratschke J, Schmelzle M, et al. Treatment of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma—A Multidisciplinary Approach. Cancers. 2022; 14(2):362. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14020362
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrenzien, Felix, Nora Nevermann, Alina Krombholz, Christian Benzing, Philipp Haber, Uli Fehrenbach, Georg Lurje, Uwe Pelzer, Johann Pratschke, Moritz Schmelzle, and et al. 2022. "Treatment of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma—A Multidisciplinary Approach" Cancers 14, no. 2: 362. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14020362