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Micromachines
Volume 16
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10.3390/mi16101095
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Sensitivity Improvement via Differential Detection for Frequency-Locking Diamond Magnetometers

by
Doudou Zheng
1,2,3,
Jian Gao
2,3,
Yang Li
2,3,
Hui Wang
2,3,
Yingjie Yang
2,3,
Hao Guo
2,3,
Huanfei Wen
2,3,
Zhonghao Li
2,3,
Jun Tang
2,3,
Zongmin Ma
2,3,* and
Jun Liu
2,3,*
1
Department of Electronic Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Widegap Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Extreme Environment Optoelectronic Dynamic Measurement Technology and Instrument, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Micromachines 2025, 16(10), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16101095
Submission received: 31 August 2025 / Revised: 20 September 2025 / Accepted: 25 September 2025 / Published: 26 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Section A：Physics)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The magnetic resonance frequency-locking technique is recognized as an effective approach for simultaneously improving the dynamic range, performance stability, and measurement precision of diamond nitrogen vacancy (NV)-center magnetometers. Nevertheless, insufficient research on sensitivity limits the overall performance of frequency-locking diamond magnetometers. In this paper, we propose a dual-magnetic-resonance-frequency-locking (MRFL) differential detection method. Theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that the scaling factor between the sensor output and the magnetic field is doubled compared with that under the single-MRFL method, and the proposed method also enables alternating current (AC) magnetic field detection. The proposed system exhibits a measurement range from −0.29 mT to 0.30 mT. Furthermore, a sensitivity of 0.56 nT/√Hz is achieved, representing a 58.2% improvement relative to that of the single-MRFL method. Our work provides a viable solution for accelerating the transition of frequency-locking diamond magnetometers from laboratory research to practical applications.
Keywords: NV center; differential detection; frequency locking; sensitivity NV center; differential detection; frequency locking; sensitivity

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zheng, D.; Gao, J.; Li, Y.; Wang, H.; Yang, Y.; Guo, H.; Wen, H.; Li, Z.; Tang, J.; Ma, Z.; et al. Sensitivity Improvement via Differential Detection for Frequency-Locking Diamond Magnetometers. Micromachines 2025, 16, 1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16101095

AMA Style

Zheng D, Gao J, Li Y, Wang H, Yang Y, Guo H, Wen H, Li Z, Tang J, Ma Z, et al. Sensitivity Improvement via Differential Detection for Frequency-Locking Diamond Magnetometers. Micromachines. 2025; 16(10):1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16101095

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zheng, Doudou, Jian Gao, Yang Li, Hui Wang, Yingjie Yang, Hao Guo, Huanfei Wen, Zhonghao Li, Jun Tang, Zongmin Ma, and et al. 2025. "Sensitivity Improvement via Differential Detection for Frequency-Locking Diamond Magnetometers" Micromachines 16, no. 10: 1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16101095

APA Style

Zheng, D., Gao, J., Li, Y., Wang, H., Yang, Y., Guo, H., Wen, H., Li, Z., Tang, J., Ma, Z., & Liu, J. (2025). Sensitivity Improvement via Differential Detection for Frequency-Locking Diamond Magnetometers. Micromachines, 16(10), 1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16101095

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