Growth-Phase Sterigmatocystin Formation on Lactose Is Mediated via Low Specific Growth Rates in Aspergillus nidulans
by
Zoltán Németh 1,
Ákos P. Molnár 1,
Balázs Fejes 1,
Levente Novák 2,
Levente Karaffa 1,
Nancy P. Keller 3,4
and
Erzsébet Fekete 1,*
Zoltán Németh 1,
Ákos P. Molnár 1,
Balázs Fejes 1,
Levente Novák 2,
Levente Karaffa 1,
Nancy P. Keller 3,4 and
Erzsébet Fekete 1,*
1
Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
2
Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
3
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
4
Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Shohei Sakuda
Toxins 2016, 8(12), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8120354
Received: 23 October 2016 / Revised: 20 November 2016 / Accepted: 23 November 2016 / Published: 28 November 2016
(This article belongs to the Collection Aflatoxins)
Seed contamination with polyketide mycotoxins such as sterigmatocystin (ST) produced by Aspergilli is a worldwide issue. The ST biosynthetic pathway is well-characterized in A. nidulans, but regulatory aspects related to the carbon source are still enigmatic. This is particularly true for lactose, inasmuch as some ST production mutant strains still synthesize ST on lactose but not on other carbon substrates. Here, kinetic data revealed that on d-glucose, ST forms only after the sugar is depleted from the medium, while on lactose, ST appears when most of the carbon source is still available. Biomass-specified ST production on lactose was significantly higher than on d-glucose, suggesting that ST formation may either be mediated by a carbon catabolite regulatory mechanism, or induced by low specific growth rates attainable on lactose. These hypotheses were tested by d-glucose limited chemostat-type continuous fermentations. No ST formed at a high growth rate, while a low growth rate led to the formation of 0.4 mg·L−1 ST. Similar results were obtained with a CreA mutant strain. We concluded that low specific growth rates may be the primary cause of mid-growth ST formation on lactose in A. nidulans, and that carbon utilization rates likely play a general regulatory role during biosynthesis.
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Keywords:
Aspergillus nidulans; sterigmatocystin; lactose; d-glucose; CreA; growth rate
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MDPI and ACS Style
Németh, Z.; Molnár, Á.P.; Fejes, B.; Novák, L.; Karaffa, L.; Keller, N.P.; Fekete, E. Growth-Phase Sterigmatocystin Formation on Lactose Is Mediated via Low Specific Growth Rates in Aspergillus nidulans. Toxins 2016, 8, 354.
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