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Review

Anthrax Toxin: A Pioneer of Targeted Protein Toxins

Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2025, 17(11), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17110533
Submission received: 25 September 2025 / Revised: 23 October 2025 / Accepted: 28 October 2025 / Published: 29 October 2025

Abstract

With anthrax toxin as a pioneer, several bacterial toxins have been engineered to deliver proteins of interest into the cytosol of specific mammalian cells. Such targeted protein toxins combine the ability to deliver cargo molecules into cells with designed receptor interaction for targeting selected cells. This review summarizes the actual knowledge of modified anthrax toxin. Moreover, the significant efforts which have been made to utilize other bacterial toxins are discussed. The targeted protein toxins described in this review include single-chain toxins, pore-forming toxins, and injection machineries.
Keywords: anthrax toxin; cell targeting; protein transport anthrax toxin; cell targeting; protein transport

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MDPI and ACS Style

Richter, S.; Schmidt, G. Anthrax Toxin: A Pioneer of Targeted Protein Toxins. Toxins 2025, 17, 533. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17110533

AMA Style

Richter S, Schmidt G. Anthrax Toxin: A Pioneer of Targeted Protein Toxins. Toxins. 2025; 17(11):533. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17110533

Chicago/Turabian Style

Richter, Sandy, and Gudula Schmidt. 2025. "Anthrax Toxin: A Pioneer of Targeted Protein Toxins" Toxins 17, no. 11: 533. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17110533

APA Style

Richter, S., & Schmidt, G. (2025). Anthrax Toxin: A Pioneer of Targeted Protein Toxins. Toxins, 17(11), 533. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17110533

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