Using Nighttime Light Data to Explore the Extent of Power Outages in the Florida Panhandle after 2018 Hurricane Michael
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.3. Data Processing
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Hurricane Michael Impact on Mexico Beach and Surrounding Areas
3.2. Electric Service-Restoration Curves across Urban/Rural Counties
3.3. Estimating Power Outages from Nighttime Light Data
3.4. Statistical Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Classified | Total Reference Points | User’s Accuracy | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roof | Vegetation | Water | Barren | Debris | Sand | |||
Roof | 82 | 2 | 3 | 20 | 3 | 0 | 110 | 82.0 |
Vegetation | 12 | 62 | 14 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 92 | 67.4 |
Water | 1 | 21 | 58 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 82 | 70.7 |
Barren | 0 | 1 | 1 | 66 | 3 | 4 | 75 | 88.0 |
Debris | 7 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 50 | 13 | 80 | 62.5 |
Sand | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 109 | 121 | 90.1 |
Total classified points | 103 | 86 | 76 | 104 | 65 | 126 | 560 | |
Producer’s accuracy | 79.6 | 72.1 | 76.3 | 63.5 | 76.9 | 86.5 | ||
Total correct reference points | 427 | |||||||
Percent accuracy | 76.25 |
County | Urban/Rural 1 | Total Number of Accounts | Percent Accounts Investor-Owned Electric Utilities 2 | Percent Accounts Rural Cooperative | Percent Accounts Municipal Providers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BAY | 1 | 115,624 | 89.9% | 10.1% | 0.0% |
CALHOUN | 0 | 3936 | 23.5% | 43.1% | 33.4% |
FRANKLIN | 0 | 10,199 | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
GADSDEN | 1 | 22,294 | 0.0% | 67.2% | 32.8% |
GULF | 1 | 10,916 | 59.3% | 40.7% | 0.0% |
HOLMES | 0 | 10,423 | 24.8% | 75.2% | 0.0% |
JACKSON | 0 | 26,161 | 46.9% | 53.1% | 0.0% |
JEFFERSON | 1 | 8152 | 57.4% | 42.6% | 0.0% |
LEON | 1 | 143,799 | 0.0% | 18.4% | 82.7% |
LIBERTY | 0 | 4058 | 19.0% | 81.0% | 0.0% |
MADISON | 0 | 10,718 | 35.7% | 64.3% | 0.0% |
TAYLOR | 0 | 12,936 | 46.7% | 53.3% | 0.0% |
WAKULLA | 1 | 15,477 | 44.1% | 55.9% | 0.0% |
WALTON | 0 | 59,476 | 38.9% | 61.1% | 0.0% |
Variable | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
Population density (inhabitants/square mile) | 1463 | 581 | 46 | 5947 |
Number of households on public assistance | 154 | 117 | 11 | 231 |
Percent minority population | 24.20% | 15.10% | 0 | 44.50% |
Percent multi-family housing units | 8.80% | 13.40% | 0 | 34.30% |
Maximum NTL radiance lost | 82.43 | 18.86 | 3.18 | 100.00 |
Percent of the NTL radiance recovered relative to the baseline | 33.42 | 20.65 | 0.00 | 97.23 |
Urban vs. rural setting | 232 BGs as urban, 237 BGs as rural |
Variable | Coefficient | Std. Error | t-Statistic | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
CONSTANT | 57.43021 | 10.00654 | 5.73926 | 0.000 |
HH on Public Assistance | −0.07253 | 0.04079 | −1.77823 | 0.075 |
PCT Multifamily housing units | −0.95275 | 0.13166 | −7.23632 | 0.000 |
Maximum NTL radiance lost | −0.00962 | 0.00205 | −4.66863 | 0.000 |
ROC (21 days) | 0.06734 | 0.03018 | 2.23096 | 0.025 |
Urban/Rural | 5.97345 | 1.43903 | 4.15100 | 0.000 |
Spatial autoregressive coefficient | 0.36719 | 0.11566 | 3.17484 | 0.001 |
Model parameters | ||||
S.D. of dependent variable | 14.814 | Log likelihood | −1884.692 | |
Sigma-square ML | 180.071 | Akaike info criterion | 3785.384 | |
S.E of regression ML | 13.419 | Schwarz criterion | 3818.588 | |
Multicollinearity condition number | 4.404 |
Variable | Coefficient | Std. Error | t-Statistic | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
CONSTANT | 5.50393 | 1.16913 | 4.70771 | 0.000 |
Population density | 0.22096 | 0.15793 | 1.39911 | 0.062 |
Pre-storm NTL radiance | −0.00350 | 0.00121 | −2.89099 | 0.004 |
Median property values | 0.00008 | 0.00004 | 1.84375 | 0.065 |
NTL radiance recovered in the first 7 days post-landfall | −0.07340 | 0.02049 | −3.58316 | 0.000 |
Urban/Rural | 2.44564 | 0.93973 | 2.60247 | 0.009 |
Spatial autoregressive coefficient | 0.27447 | 0.11954 | 2.29612 | 0.021 |
Model parameters | ||||
S.D. of dependent variable | 8.207 | Log likelihood | −1619.744 | |
Sigma-square ML | 58.337 | Akaike info criterion | 3253.487 | |
S.E of regression ML | 7.638 | Schwarz criterion | 3282.542 | |
Multicollinearity condition number | 7.359 |
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Mitsova, D.; Li, Y.; Einsteder, R.; Roberts Briggs, T.; Sapat, A.; Esnard, A.-M. Using Nighttime Light Data to Explore the Extent of Power Outages in the Florida Panhandle after 2018 Hurricane Michael. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 2588. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16142588
Mitsova D, Li Y, Einsteder R, Roberts Briggs T, Sapat A, Esnard A-M. Using Nighttime Light Data to Explore the Extent of Power Outages in the Florida Panhandle after 2018 Hurricane Michael. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(14):2588. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16142588
Chicago/Turabian StyleMitsova, Diana, Yanmei Li, Ross Einsteder, Tiffany Roberts Briggs, Alka Sapat, and Ann-Margaret Esnard. 2024. "Using Nighttime Light Data to Explore the Extent of Power Outages in the Florida Panhandle after 2018 Hurricane Michael" Remote Sensing 16, no. 14: 2588. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16142588