Regional Algorithm for Estimating High Coccolithophore Concentration in the Northeastern Part of the Black Sea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Bio-Optical Measurements
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Satellite Data
2.4. Regional Algorithm 2014
2.5. Error Assessment
2.6. Tuning of the Hydrolight Model
3. Results
3.1. Coccolithophore Concentrations in the Northeastern Part of the Black Sea in 2017 and 2022
3.2. Sensitivity of the Ncoc Algorithm to Variations in Bio-Optical Characteristics
3.3. New Values of Kcoc as a Result of Hydrolight Modeling
3.4. Configuring Other Model Parameters
4. Discussion
4.1. Coccolithophore Blooms in the Black Sea
4.2. Sensitivity of the New Ncoc Algorithm
4.3. Comparison of Ncoc Distributions for 2014 and 2023 Algorithms
4.4. The Comparison with PIC Product
4.5. The Effect of the Bloom Phase (The Difference for Two Years)
4.6. Influence of the Spectral Index m Values for the Suspended Matter on the Rrs Spectra
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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St. 1_22 | St. 3_17 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zcoc | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 |
Ncoc | 1.4 | 3.1 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 11.0 | 14.3 | 15.7 | 16.4 |
Δ | −53% | 1% | 19% | 24% | −16% | 10% | 21% | 26% |
X * Chl | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 3 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 3 |
Ncoc | 3.5 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 15.2 | 14.3 | 13.6 | 11.8 |
Δ | 14% | 1% | −10% | −36% | 17% | 10% | 4% | −9% |
X CDOM | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 |
Ncoc | 3.8 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 15.0 | 14.3 | 13.6 | 12.9 |
Δ | 25% | 1% | −22% | −45% | 15% | 10% | 5% | −1% |
Kriv and bbp_bg * | 1.0_1.0 | 1.0_0.5 | 0.5_1.0 | 0.5_0.5 | 0.25_1.0 | 0.25_0.5 | 0.1_0.1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kcoc 103 | RMSE | ||||||
2.74 | 2.68 ** | 2.57 | 2.70 | 2.77 | 2.90 | 3.05 | 3.47 |
3.1 | 2.75 | 2.54 | 2.40 | 2.32 | 2.37 | 2.37 | 2.56 |
3.52 | 3.08 | 2.82 | 2.52 | 2.32 | 2.31 | 2.16 | 2.06 |
3.94 | 3.46 | 3.21 | 2.85 | 2.61 | 2.57 | 2.35 | 2.08 |
4.36 | 3.83 | 3.59 | 3.23 | 2.99 | 2.93 | 2.69 | 2.35 |
5.13 | 4.41 | 4.19 | 3.86 | 3.64 | 3.57 | 3.35 | 3.01 |
Kcoc 103 | MAPE | ||||||
2.74 | 35% | 32% | 31% | 29% | 30% | 29% | 32% |
3.1 | 36% | 33% | 31% | 29% | 29% | 27% | 25% |
3.52 | 39% | 36% | 32% | 30% | 30% | 28% | 25% |
3.94 | 43% | 40% | 36% | 33% | 33% | 30% | 26% |
4.36 | 48% | 45% | 40% | 37% | 37% | 34% | 29% |
5.13 | 55% | 52% | 48% | 45% | 44% | 41% | 37% |
St. 1_22 | St. 3_17 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zcoc | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 |
Ncoc | 3.3 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 11.7 | 14.1 | 15.1 | 15.6 |
Δ | −30% | −10% | −5% | −4% | −5% | 15% | 23% | 27% |
X * Chl | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 3 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 3 |
Ncoc | 4.23 | 4.23 | 4.24 | 4.24 | 14.2 | 14.1 | 14.0 | 13.8 |
Δ | −10% | −10% | −10% | −10% | 16% | 15% | 14% | 12% |
X CDOM | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 |
Ncoc | 4.27 | 4.23 | 4.20 | 4.16 | 14.0 | 14.1 | 14.3 | 14.4 |
Δ | −10% | −10% | −11% | −12% | −5% | 15% | 15% | 23% |
2017 | 2022 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kriv and bbp_bg | 1.0_1.0 | 0.5_0.5 | 0.1_0.1 | 1.0_1.0 | 0.5_0.5 | 0.1_0.1 |
Kcoc 103 | RMSE | |||||
2.74 | 2.53 | 3.92 | 5.31 | 2.76 | 1.68 | 1.31 * |
3.1 | 1.94 | 2.60 | 3.68 | 3.17 | 2.11 | 1.43 |
3.52 | 2.16 | 1.86 | 2.39 | 3.54 | 2.58 | 1.83 |
3.94 | 2.76 | 1.95 | 1.79 | 3.85 | 2.96 | 2.24 |
4.36 | 3.38 | 2.45 | 1.88 | 4.09 | 3.29 | 2.61 |
5.13 | 4.35 | 3.46 | 2.76 | 4.44 | 3.75 | 3.16 |
Kcoc 103 | MAPE | |||||
2.74 | 23% | 35% | 50% | 42% | 26% | 21% |
3.1 | 16% | 23% | 33% | 48% | 33% | 21% |
3.52 | 17% | 16% | 21% | 53% | 39% | 27% |
3.94 | 22% | 16% | 15% | 57% | 44% | 33% |
4.36 | 28% | 19% | 15% | 61% | 49% | 38% |
5.13 | 38% | 29% | 22% | 67% | 55% | 46% |
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Vazyulya, S.; Deryagin, D.; Glukhovets, D.; Silkin, V.; Pautova, L. Regional Algorithm for Estimating High Coccolithophore Concentration in the Northeastern Part of the Black Sea. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 2219. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092219
Vazyulya S, Deryagin D, Glukhovets D, Silkin V, Pautova L. Regional Algorithm for Estimating High Coccolithophore Concentration in the Northeastern Part of the Black Sea. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(9):2219. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092219
Chicago/Turabian StyleVazyulya, Svetlana, Dmitriy Deryagin, Dmitry Glukhovets, Vladimir Silkin, and Larisa Pautova. 2023. "Regional Algorithm for Estimating High Coccolithophore Concentration in the Northeastern Part of the Black Sea" Remote Sensing 15, no. 9: 2219. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092219