Sustainability

23 pages, 5430 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pre-Solve Methodologies for Short-Run Identification of Critical Sectors in the ACSR Overhead Lines While Using Dynamic Line Rating Models for Resource Sustainability

by Hugo Algarvio

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3758; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083758 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 253

Abstract

Most transmission system operators (TSOs) use seasonally static models considering extreme weather conditions, serving as a reference for computing the transmission capacity of power lines. The use of dynamic line rating (DLR) models can avoid the construction of new lines, market splitting, false [...] Read more.

Most transmission system operators (TSOs) use seasonally static models considering extreme weather conditions, serving as a reference for computing the transmission capacity of power lines. The use of dynamic line rating (DLR) models can avoid the construction of new lines, market splitting, false congestions and the degradation of lines in a cost-effective way. The operation of power systems is planned based on market results, which consider transactions hours ahead of real-time operation using forecasts with errors. The same is true for the DLR. So, during real-time operation TSOs should rapidly compute the DLR of overhead lines to avoid considering an ampacity above their lines’ design, reflecting the real-time weather conditions. Considering that the DLR of the lines can affect the power flow of an entire region, the use of the complete indirect DLR methodology has a high computation burden for all sectors and lines in a region. So, this article presents and tests three pre-solve methodologies able to rapidly identify the critical sector of each line. These methodologies solve the problem of the high computation burden of the CIGRÉ thermodynamic model of overhead lines. They have been tested by using real data of the transmission grid and the weather conditions for two different regions in Portugal, leading to errors in the computation of the DLR lower than 1% in relation to the complete CIGRÉ model, identifying the critical sector in significantly less time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Transition: Advanced Control and Optimization Techniques for Power Grid Resilience and Efficiency)

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18 pages, 1623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rethinking Foreign Direct Investment’s Role in Sustainable Development: Insights from the E-7 Economies Using Advanced Panel Data Methodologies

by Jiazheng Yu, Abdul Majeed and Yiran Liu

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3757; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083757 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 289

Abstract

Achieving a sustainable energy future is the cornerstone of global efforts to combat environmental degradation and align with corporate social responsibility (CSR) objectives. This study examines the complex relationship between energy consumption, carbon emissions, and the moderating influence of foreign direct investment (FDI) [...] Read more.

Achieving a sustainable energy future is the cornerstone of global efforts to combat environmental degradation and align with corporate social responsibility (CSR) objectives. This study examines the complex relationship between energy consumption, carbon emissions, and the moderating influence of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the E-7 economies of Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, and Türkiye from 2000 to 2022. Employing advanced panel data methodologies, including continuously updated fully modified (Cup-FM) and continuously updated bias-corrected (Cup-BC) techniques, we explored the long-term dynamics of energy use, urbanization, human capital, and FDI. Our findings reveal persistent cointegration among these variables, with energy consumption, urbanization, and human capital significantly contributing to CO₂ emissions. However, FDI has emerged as a critical mitigating factor, exhibiting a negative correlation with carbon emissions and moderating the emission-enhancing effects of urbanization and human capital. These results underscore the dual role of FDI as both an engine of economic growth and a catalyst for environmental sustainability. This study advocates for prioritizing green FDI inflows, particularly in renewable energy infrastructure, to harmonize economic development with global sustainability targets. By integrating CSR strategies with energy transition policies, this study provides actionable insights for policymakers and corporate leaders to foster sustainable development in rapidly industrializing economies. These findings contribute to the broader discourse on sustainable development, emphasizing the need for strategic investments and policy frameworks to achieve a low-carbon future. Full article

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29 pages, 3375 KiB

Open AccessReview

Towards Digital Transformation of Agriculture for Sustainable Development in China: Experience and Lessons Learned

by Shu Wang, Yueling Yang, Heyao Yin, Jianya Zhao, Ting Wang, Xiaomei Yang, Jing Ren and Changbin Yin

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3756; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083756 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 215

Abstract

In the era of the digital economy, where digitization permeates all sectors of society, digital transformation in agriculture stands as a crucial solution for addressing the growing challenges in agricultural production. Amid the competition to enhance the resilience of sustainable food systems, China [...] Read more.

In the era of the digital economy, where digitization permeates all sectors of society, digital transformation in agriculture stands as a crucial solution for addressing the growing challenges in agricultural production. Amid the competition to enhance the resilience of sustainable food systems, China sets an exemplary model with its achievements in digital agricultural transformation, providing a blueprint for developing countries in Asia and the Pacific. Primarily based on statistical data and typical case studies, this paper presents analytical findings on how digital transformation of agriculture enhances the adoption of green agricultural practices and promotes inclusive development in China. In light of the intricate challenges faced by China’s food system, the adoption of digitization emerges to facilitate the transformation from conventional agriculture to smart and sustainable practices. The pathways by which digital transformation of agriculture have the potential to address the over-application of chemical fertilizer and irrigation water, mitigation of carbon emissions, and the challenge of climate change and contribute to environmental sustainability of agriculture have been discussed. The implementation of digital transformation in sustainable agriculture—which enhances green practices and social inclusiveness by promoting digital literacy, reducing workload, creating job opportunities for low-skilled labor, and developing rural inclusive finance—has been completely explored. The challenges in digital transformation of agriculture are explained in this paper, which also provides evidence-based policy recommendations for its sustainable development applicable to developing countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Rural Development and Agricultural Policy)

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14 pages, 3115 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Errors in Road Signs in a Long Roadwork Zone Using a Naturalistic Driving Study

by Anton Pashkevich and Jacek Bartusiak

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3755; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083755 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 144

Abstract

The paper presents an application of a new, simple approach for the naturalistic assessment of road sign quality from a driver’s perspective, using dashboard camera recordings. This method was used to evaluate signage along a 69.6 km road construction zone in Poland associated [...] Read more.

The paper presents an application of a new, simple approach for the naturalistic assessment of road sign quality from a driver’s perspective, using dashboard camera recordings. This method was used to evaluate signage along a 69.6 km road construction zone in Poland associated with the phased upgrade of a dual carriageway with unlimited access into a motorway. The analysis focused on three distinct phases of the roadwork: the beginning of roadwork, the progress of roadwork, and finishing roadwork. The correctness, visibility, and quality of the road signs were assessed on a specially developed scale. The study found that 1135 road signs were unnecessary, which was equal to 36% of all signs. The majority of all signs (48.1%) indicated prohibition: more than one third (33.6%) of them were speed limit signs, of which 52% were posted without the need. It was demonstrated that the simple method applied in this study can be considered a useful tool to identify deficiencies in signage, which could ultimately improve road safety and make road management more sustainable. Moreover, this study confirmed again that the use of appropriate video recordings makes it faster and easier to conduct an inventory of road signs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Transportation Planning and Management)

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44 pages, 13698 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leveraging Immersive Digital Twins and AI-Driven Decision Support Systems for Sustainable Water Reserves Management: A Conceptual Framework

by Tianyu Zhao, Changji Song, Jun Yu, Lei Xing, Feng Xu, Wenhao Li and Zhenhua Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3754; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083754 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 225

Abstract

Effective and sustainable water reserve management faces increasing challenges due to climate-induced variability, data fragmentation, and the limitations of traditional, static modeling systems. This study introduces a conceptual framework designed to address these challenges by integrating digital twins, IoT-driven real-time monitoring, game engine [...] Read more.

Effective and sustainable water reserve management faces increasing challenges due to climate-induced variability, data fragmentation, and the limitations of traditional, static modeling systems. This study introduces a conceptual framework designed to address these challenges by integrating digital twins, IoT-driven real-time monitoring, game engine simulations, and AI-driven decision support systems (AI-DSS). The methodology involves constructing a digital twin ecosystem using IoT sensors, GIS layers, remote-sensing imagery, and game engines. This ecosystem simulates water dynamics and assesses policy interventions in real time. AI components, including machine-learning models and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) chatbots, are embedded to synthesize real-time data into actionable insights. The framework enables the continuous assessment of hydrological dynamics, predictive risk analysis, and immersive, scenario-based decision-making to support long-term water sustainability. Simulated scenarios demonstrate accurate flood forecasting under variable rainfall intensities, early drought detection based on soil moisture and flow data, and real-time water-quality alerts. Digital elevation models from UAV photogrammetry enhance terrain realism, and AI models support dynamic predictions. Results show how the framework supports proactive mitigation planning, climate adaptation, and stakeholder communication in pursuit of resilient and sustainable water governance. By enabling early intervention, efficient resource allocation, and participatory decision-making, the proposed system fosters long-term, sustainable water security and environmental resilience. This conceptual framework suggests a pathway toward more transparent, data-informed, and resilient decision-making processes in water reserves management, particularly in regions facing climatic uncertainty and infrastructure limitations, aligning with global sustainability goals and adaptive water governance strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Management in Rapid Urbanization)

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22 pages, 3732 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Enhancing Livability: A Systematic Review of Sustainable Neighborhood Facilities and Their Perspectives in China

by Lei Qi, Yong Adilah Shamsul Harumain and Melasutra Md Dali

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3753; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083753 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 167

Abstract

Neighborhood facilities received global attention in sustainability implementation because they meet the daily needs of residents and represent the relationship between them, neighborhoods, and cities. This study aims to reveal the factors influencing sustainable facilities in Chinese neighborhoods under rapid urbanization through a [...] Read more.

Neighborhood facilities received global attention in sustainability implementation because they meet the daily needs of residents and represent the relationship between them, neighborhoods, and cities. This study aims to reveal the factors influencing sustainable facilities in Chinese neighborhoods under rapid urbanization through a systematic review of relevant empirical studies and the Chinese context. This review looks through the Scopus and WoS databases for 59 papers published between 1981 and 2025 on the implementation of sustainable neighborhood facilities; additional evidence was collected from neighborhood sustainability assessments (NSAs) conducted around the world and China’s current relevant regulations in neighborhood facilities for the literature review. The findings indicate that the influencing factors of sustainable neighborhood facilities are an intersubjective structure of providers, recipients, and coordinating mediators. This study extends the current knowledge and literature on sustainable neighborhood facilities and deepens our understanding of how sustainability implementation standards and decision-making influence these facilities to improve livability in China. Meanwhile, it also provides a perspective on four aspects, including the compilation of influencing factors, the development of assessment tools, the categorization assessment, and the development of a framework of sustainable neighborhood facilities in China. In addition, it further enriches sustainable cities and neighborhoods in applications worldwide. Full article

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19 pages, 14314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Breakthrough in Manganese Oxide Thermochemical Energy Storage: Advancing Efficient Solar Utilization and Clean Energy Development

by Zhizhen Wang, Mengjiao Zhao and Denghui Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3752; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083752 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 226

Abstract

Solar power generation systems, recognized for their high energy quality and environmental benefits, require efficient energy storage to ensure stable grid integration and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Thermochemical energy storage (TCS) using metal oxides, such as the Mn₂O₃/Mn [...] Read more.

Solar power generation systems, recognized for their high energy quality and environmental benefits, require efficient energy storage to ensure stable grid integration and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Thermochemical energy storage (TCS) using metal oxides, such as the Mn₂O₃/Mn₃O₄ redox system, offers advantages like high energy density, wide temperature range, and stability, making it ideal for solar power applications. This study investigates Mn₃O₄ and Mn₂O₃ as initial reactants, analyzing reaction temperature range, rate, conversion efficiency, and cyclic performance via synchronous thermal analysis. Microstructural characterization was performed using XRD, SEM, BET, XPS, nanoparticle size, and zeta potential measurements. The results show that Mn₃O₄ reversibly converts to Mn₂O₃ with over 100% conversion efficiency over five cycles with 3.3% weight loss, indicating stable performance. Mn₃O₄ oxidation follows Arrhenius’ Law below 700 °C but deviates at higher temperatures. The oxidation mechanism function is G(α) = α and f(α) = 1, with an activation energy of 20.47 kJ/mol and a pre-exponential factor of 0.268/s. Mn₂O₃ synthesized via ammonia precipitation exhibits reversible redox behavior with 3.3% weight loss but samples from low-concentration precursors show poor cyclic performance. The reduction reaction of Mn₂O₃ has an activation energy of 249.87 kJ/mol. By investigating the Mn₂O₃/Mn₃O₄ redox system for TCS, this study advances its practical integration into solar thermal power systems and offers critical guidance for developing scalable, low-carbon energy storage technologies. These findings can support Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by advancing renewable energy storage technologies, reducing carbon emissions, and promoting the integration of solar power into sustainable energy grids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Fuel Consumption and Carbon Emission Reduction)

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24 pages, 5905 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Correlation Between Perception and Utilization of Green Spaces in Residential Areas and Residents’ Self-Rated Health Under Different Vegetation Coverage Rates: A Case Study from the Central City of Beijing

by Liwei Huang, Zhengwang Wu and Ning Kang

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3751; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083751 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 163

Abstract

Residential green space (RGS), as a frequently visited green space by residents, is the main space for daily activities and interactions, and its quality directly affects residents’ physical and mental health. Although many studies have revealed the impact of green space characteristics on [...] Read more.

Residential green space (RGS), as a frequently visited green space by residents, is the main space for daily activities and interactions, and its quality directly affects residents’ physical and mental health. Although many studies have revealed the impact of green space characteristics on health, research on the relationship between its environmental elements and health is still insufficient. This study selected five types of residential area in the central urban area of Beijing for investigation, collecting people’s green space perception, usage, and self-rated health information, and, using stepwise regression analysis, exploring the impact of RGS environmental factors on residents’ self-rated health under different vegetation cover rates. The results suggest the following: (1) Residents’ perception and usage of RGS characteristics are closely related to their self-rated health status, but the impact of environmental factors varies depending on vegetation coverage. (2) Maximizing natural features and cultural symbols is crucial for residential areas with high greenery. In residential areas with moderate vegetation, priority should be given to enhancing path elements, maintenance and shelter. For residential areas with low greenery cover, efforts should focus on strengthening fitness facilities and improving shelter to promote people’s health. (3) The impact of activity duration on usage behavior is most significant. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the significance of RGS quality in urban residential areas. They also provide a reference for the optimization and management of the living environment and support the sustainable development of community environments. Full article

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18 pages, 735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fostering Sustainable Environmental Performance Through Green Banking Practices: The Mediating Role of Employees’ Green Motivation and Green Behavior

by Tabassum Chowdhury, Rashed Al Karim, Md Karim Rabiul, Minhaz Ul Alam and Dewan Niamul Karim

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3750; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083750 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 686

Abstract

This study intends to ascertain the correlation between green banking practices and the sustainable environmental performance of private banks. It further investigates the mediating role of employee green behavior and motivation. This study used a quantitative research method to test the study hypotheses. [...] Read more.

This study intends to ascertain the correlation between green banking practices and the sustainable environmental performance of private banks. It further investigates the mediating role of employee green behavior and motivation. This study used a quantitative research method to test the study hypotheses. A standardized questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale was utilized to collect data for the survey. The sample size consisted of 376 respondents who were conveniently selected. Data were analyzed using PLS software (Version 4.0). The main finding is that employees’ green motivation mediated the link between employee-related and customer-related green practices and a bank’s environmental performance. Equally, employee green behavior mediated the link between employee-related, operation-related, and customer-related green practices and a bank’s environmental performance. This study is one of few in Bangladesh’s banking sector that provide a comprehensive overview of green banking practices, employee green motivation and behavior, and their connections to banks’ sustainable environmental performance. Full article

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25 pages, 549 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Role of Blue Space in Enhancing Mental Health and Well-Being Among Older Adults: A Systematic Review

by Jing Guan, Sumarni Binti Ismail, Sarah Abdulkareem Salih, Wan Srihani Wan Mohamed and Norhuzailin Binti Hussain

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3749; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083749 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 302

Abstract

With the aging global population, understanding the role of blue space (BS) in supporting older adults’ mental health is increasingly important. This systematic review synthesizes quantitative and qualitative evidence to examine how BS influences mental health and well-being in this population. Following PRISMA [...] Read more.

With the aging global population, understanding the role of blue space (BS) in supporting older adults’ mental health is increasingly important. This systematic review synthesizes quantitative and qualitative evidence to examine how BS influences mental health and well-being in this population. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and PsycINFO for studies published between 2004 and 2024. This review protocol was preregistered on PROSPERO (registration number CRD420250651254). Studies examining BS exposure characteristics and mental health outcomes among adults aged 50 and older were included. A total of twenty-three studies (seventeen quantitative, six qualitative) were reviewed. Quantitative findings indicated generally positive associations between BS proximity, quantity, and improved mental health outcomes, while qualitative findings highlighted the therapeutic benefits of natural features, social interactions, and sensory experiences, along with barriers such as accessibility and safety concerns. BS holds significant potential for promoting older adults’ well-being. These findings highlight the potential of BS as a sustainable urban health resource, offering evidence to support integrated planning strategies that promote environmental, public health, and broader sustainability goals. Future research should investigate specific BS characteristics using longitudinal and experimental designs to enhance causal understanding and inform urban planning and public health strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health, Nature-Based Strategies, and Resilience)

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20 pages, 3031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Coordination Between PWM Inverters and DC-DC Converters for Power Quality Improvement of Three-Phase Grid-Connected PV Systems

by Ali M. Eltamaly and Zeyad A. Almutairi

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3748; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083748 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 213

Abstract

Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems require a power converter to extract maximum power and deliver high-quality electricity to the grid. Traditional control methods, such as proportional-integral (PI) control for DC-link voltage regulation, often struggle under abnormal operating conditions, resulting in voltage fluctuations and instability [...] Read more.

Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems require a power converter to extract maximum power and deliver high-quality electricity to the grid. Traditional control methods, such as proportional-integral (PI) control for DC-link voltage regulation, often struggle under abnormal operating conditions, resulting in voltage fluctuations and instability in the maximum power point tracker (MPPT). This paper proposes a synergistic control strategy that combines a musical chairs algorithm (MCA) MPPT with sliding mode control (SMC) together for the boost converter DC-link control. This approach enhances DC-link voltage stability by switching the MPPT to SMC of the boost converter when the DC-link voltage exceeds the predefined limit. This strategy enhances the stability of the DC-link voltage and allows for a smaller DC-link capacitor, thereby reducing system cost and improving the power quality of PV systems. A phase-locked loop (PLL) further ensures effective grid synchronization. The reduction in DC-link voltage overshoot (from 570 V to 522 V) improved stability under varying irradiance conditions. Moreover, a 48 V reduction in overshoot voltage and a 66% decrease in DC-link voltage ripple (standard deviation from 17.93 V to 5.92 V) occurred. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed strategy compared to the case without coordination between the DC-DC converter and inverter controllers, particularly under challenging conditions. Full article

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21 pages, 1802 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review of Methodological Advances in Urban Heatwave Risk Assessment: Integrating Multi-Source Data and Hybrid Weighting Methods

by Chang Xu, Ruihan Wei and Hui Tong

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3747; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083747 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 277

Abstract

As climate change intensifies, urban populations face growing threats from frequent and severe heatwaves, underscoring the urgent need for advanced risk assessment frameworks to inform adaptation strategies. This systematic review synthesizes methodological innovations in urban heatwave risk assessment (2007–2024), analyzing 259 studies through [...] Read more.

As climate change intensifies, urban populations face growing threats from frequent and severe heatwaves, underscoring the urgent need for advanced risk assessment frameworks to inform adaptation strategies. This systematic review synthesizes methodological innovations in urban heatwave risk assessment (2007–2024), analyzing 259 studies through bibliometric analysis (CiteSpace 6.4.R1) and multi-criteria evaluation. We propose the hazard–exposure–vulnerability–adaptability (HEVA) framework, an extension of Crichton’s risk triangle that integrates dynamic adaptability metrics and supports high-resolution spatial analysis for urban heatwave risk assessment. Our systematic review reveals three key methodological gaps: (1) Inconsistent indicator selection across studies; (2) limited analysis of microclimatic variations; (3) sparse integration of IoT- or satellite-based monitoring. The study offers practical solutions for enhancing assessment accuracy, including refined weighting methodologies and high-resolution spatial analysis techniques. We conclude by proposing a research agenda that prioritizes interdisciplinary approaches—bridging urban planning, climate science, and public health—while advocating for policy tools that address spatial inequities in heat risk exposure. These insights advance the development of more precise, actionable assessment systems to support climate-resilient urban development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient, and Sustainable Built Environment)

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16 pages, 881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Work and Comparing the Impact of Organizational Trust on Work Engagement Among Office and Production Workers in the Korean Food Manufacturing Industry

by Jun Won Kim, Jiyoung Park and Byung Yong Jeong

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3746; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083746 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 226

Abstract

Organizational performance can be enhanced by adopting sustainable work policies. This study examined the relationship between psychological factors such as organizational trust, job satisfaction, well-being, and work engagement among workers in the Korean food industry. This study utilized the Korean Working Conditions Survey [...] Read more.

Organizational performance can be enhanced by adopting sustainable work policies. This study examined the relationship between psychological factors such as organizational trust, job satisfaction, well-being, and work engagement among workers in the Korean food industry. This study utilized the Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) data, and a total of 472 workers were selected as subjects for the research, comprising 185 office workers and 287 production workers. Regression analysis was conducted by comparing office and production workers to test the relationship between psychological factors and to identify causal relationships through a mediation model. The results of hypothesis testing via regression analysis indicated that organizational trust is proportionally related to job satisfaction (p < 0.001), well-being (p < 0.001), and engagement (p < 0.001), while work engagement is proportionally related to job satisfaction (p < 0.001) and well-being (p < 0.001). In particular, in the regression equation analyzing organizational trust (T) and job satisfaction (y), as organizational trust increases, the rate of increase in job satisfaction of office workers (y = 1.131 + 0.610T) is greater than that of production workers (y = 1.131 + 0.557T). On the other hand, the initial level of work engagement (y) of office workers is higher than that of production workers in the regression equations concerning organizational trust (T) and work engagement (y = 1.753 + 0.516T vs. y = 1.634 + 0.516T), as well as well-being (W) and work engagement (y = 2.648 + 0.345W vs. y = 2.512 + 0.345W). According to mediation models, work engagement was directly affected by organizational trust and indirectly affected by job satisfaction or well-being, and office workers exhibited higher work engagement than production workers. The findings of this study emphasize the need for customized enhancements to working hours, work organization, and the work environment for production workers to ensure sustainable employment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychology of Sustainability and Sustainable Development)

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17 pages, 1281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Aridic Soil Using Olive Mill Wastewater, Sulfur, and Chelating Agents

by Nasser H. Almeaiweed, Saud S. Aloud, Khaled D. Alotaibi, Fahad Alotaibi and Basil Alshebel

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3745; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083745 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 215

Abstract

Soil contamination with heavy metals (HMs) poses a significant environmental threat. Phytoremediation, a sustainable and eco-friendly emerging bioremediation approach, utilizes plants to remove, immobilize, or stabilize soil contaminants. This study examines the interactive effects of sulfur (S), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and olive mill [...] Read more.

Soil contamination with heavy metals (HMs) poses a significant environmental threat. Phytoremediation, a sustainable and eco-friendly emerging bioremediation approach, utilizes plants to remove, immobilize, or stabilize soil contaminants. This study examines the interactive effects of sulfur (S), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and olive mill wastewater (OMW) on HM uptake and the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) and mustard (Brassica juncea). Mustard exhibited superior dry matter (DM) yield (2.4 g/pot with 5% OMW), nutrient uptake, and tolerance to metal toxicity. The translocation factor (TF) and bioaccumulation factor (BF) for maize and mustard plants vary significantly with different treatments. For maize, the S 2T/ha treatment achieved the highest TF and BF for cadmium (Cd), while 5% OMW led to maximum chromium (Cr) and manganese (Mn) uptake. In mustard, 5% OMW treatment resulted in the greatest bioconcentration factor (BCF) for cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), whereas sulfur application yielded the highest TF for Cd. The 5% OMW treatment overall enhanced HM uptake most significantly. Lower sulfur application rate (1 ton/hectare) increased the availability Cd and Pb, boosting plant growth and nutrient uptake. For instance, 1 ton/hectare of sulfur elevated Cd availability to 24.102 mg·kg⁻¹ in maize and 58.705 mg·kg⁻¹ in mustard. EDTA treatments further improved metal bioavailability, increasing Cd levels in maize (10.09 mg·kg⁻¹) and mustard (7.78 mg·kg⁻¹). Mustard’s superior tolerance and nutrient efficiency identify it as a promising candidate for phytoremediation of HM-contaminated soils in arid regions. Innovative treatments with sulfur, EDTA, and olive mill wastewater significantly enhance soil decontamination and plant growth. Full article

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19 pages, 3696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heavy Metal Biosorption Ability of EPS Obtained from Cultures of Fusarium culmorum Strains with Different Effects on Cereals

by Jolanta Jaroszuk-Ściseł, Artur Nowak, Małgorzata Pac-Sosińska, Dorota Kołodyńska and Iwona Komaniecka

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3744; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083744 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 226

Abstract

To develop a strategy for sustainable bioremediation of heavy metal-contaminated environments, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of remediation using microorganisms. A huge bioremediation potential is possessed by fungi. Fusarium culmorum, with their wide range of plant hosts, can be the [...] Read more.

To develop a strategy for sustainable bioremediation of heavy metal-contaminated environments, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of remediation using microorganisms. A huge bioremediation potential is possessed by fungi. Fusarium culmorum, with their wide range of plant hosts, can be the basis for creating sustainable phytoremediation technologies and for creating sustainable agriculture methods. Exopolymers (EPSs) produced by F. culmorum can be excellent metal sorbents and basic factors in the biosorption mechanism. The sorption capacities of zinc, lead, and cadmium by the EPS of a pathogenic DEMFc37 strain and two non-pathogenic strains (PGPF-DEMFc2 and DRMO-DEMFc5) were compared, and the effects of these metals on EPS synthesis by the three strains was determined. EPS samples were chemically characterised in regards to their sugar, protein, and phenolic compound contents and used to study metal binding. The concentrations of metals bound/adsorbed to EPS were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The EPSs of all the strains bound more than 80% of Zn, as well as 64–84% of Cd and 74–79% of Pb. Thus, it has been clearly shown that the use of F. culmorum EPSs can be the basis for creating sustainable bioremediation, including phytoremediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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19 pages, 4364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How to Fit Energy Demand Under the Constraint of EU 2030 and FIT for 55 Goals: An Italian Case Study

by Hamid Safarzadeh and Francesco Di Maria

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3743; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083743 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 219

Abstract

Replacing approximately 7,000,000 internal combustion vehicles by 2030 with battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and promoting renewable energy sources are among the main strategies for decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and pollution in urban areas proposed in the EU FIT 55 program. Increasing the number [...] Read more.

Replacing approximately 7,000,000 internal combustion vehicles by 2030 with battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and promoting renewable energy sources are among the main strategies for decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and pollution in urban areas proposed in the EU FIT 55 program. Increasing the number of BEVs will lead to an increase in the electrical energy demand, which, according to the FIT 55 program, will be mainly supplied by the exploitation of renewable energies. In the present study, several possible scenarios were investigated for supplying the electrical energy necessary for the 7,000,000 BEVs within the goals imposed by FIT 55. To address this objective, four scenarios were proposed and analyzed for Italy, paying attention to the renewable energy share imposed by the EU on this country. The scenarios were photovoltaic-based; wind based; nuclear power-based; and thermal resource-based. The results show that if the EU FIT 55 goals are realized and 20% of the current number of internal combustion vehicles are replaced by BEV ones, there will be an energy imbalance at different times of the day. In the first scenario, if photovoltaic resources are used to the maximum extent to address the energy deficit, a 5.5-fold increase in the number of solar panels is required compared to 2023. In the second scenario, a 2.6-fold increase in the number of existing wind turbines is estimated to be required. In the third scenario, the supply of the energy deficit from nuclear resources with the production of 8.5 kWh in the daily energy cycle is examined. The use of the BESS to store excess energy at certain hours of the day and during energy shortage hours has been examined, indicating that on average, based on different scenarios, a system with a minimum capacity of 24 gigawatts and a maximum of about 130 gigawatts will be required. The fourth scenario is also possible based on the Fit for 55 targets and the use of thermal resources. An increase of 10 to 25 gigawatts is visible in each scenario during peak energy production hours. Also, a comparison of the scenarios shows that the energy storage during the surplus hours of scenario 1 is much greater than in the other scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Transitions in Transport Energy Consumption: Self-Contained Transport Energy Systems Using Renewable Energy)

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30 pages, 9417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proposal of a Hybrid Neuro-Fuzzy-Based Controller to Optimize the Energy Efficiency of a Wind Turbine

by Nathalia-Michelle Peralta-Vasconez, Leonardo Peña-Pupo, Pablo-Andrés Buestán-Andrade, José R. Nuñez-Alvarez and Herminio Martínez-García

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3742; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083742 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 166

Abstract

Optimizing wind turbine control is a major challenge due to wind variability and nonlinearity. This research seeks to improve the performance of wind turbines by designing and developing hybrid intelligent controllers that combine advanced artificial intelligence techniques. A control system combining deep neural [...] Read more.

Optimizing wind turbine control is a major challenge due to wind variability and nonlinearity. This research seeks to improve the performance of wind turbines by designing and developing hybrid intelligent controllers that combine advanced artificial intelligence techniques. A control system combining deep neural networks and fuzzy logic was implemented to optimize the efficiency and operational stability of a 3.5 MW wind turbine. This study analyzed several deep learning models (LSTM, GRU, CNN, ANN, and transformers) to predict the generated power, using data from the SCADA system. The structure of the hybrid controller includes a fuzzy inference system with 28 rules based on linguistic variables that consider power, wind speed, and wind direction. Experiments showed that the hybrid-GRU controller achieved the best balance between predictive performance and computational efficiency, with an R² of 0.96 and 12,119.54 predictions per second. The GRU excels in overall optimization. This study confirms intelligent hybrid controllers’ effectiveness in improving wind turbines’ performance under various operating conditions, contributing significantly to the field of wind energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control Strategies for Renewable Energy Systems and Sustainable Development)

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34 pages, 1260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An ESG-Oriented Sustainable Business Model for Paint Industry Supply Chain in Indonesia

by Raden Pujiyono, Marimin, Arif Imam Suroso and Setiadi Djohar

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3741; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083741 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 302

Abstract

The environmental, social, and governance (ESG) framework is critical for promoting sustainability in industries with substantial environmental impacts, such as the paint industry. Despite its significant contribution to Indonesia’s gross domestic product (GDP), the paint industry faces challenges in adopting ESG principles, including [...] Read more.

The environmental, social, and governance (ESG) framework is critical for promoting sustainability in industries with substantial environmental impacts, such as the paint industry. Despite its significant contribution to Indonesia’s gross domestic product (GDP), the paint industry faces challenges in adopting ESG principles, including dependency on hazardous materials, reliance on imported raw materials, and limited participation in sustainability initiatives. This study develops an ESG-oriented business model by examining the influence of governance, environmental, and social dimensions on economic performance within Indonesia’s paint industry supply chain. Using structural equation modeling—partial least squares (SEM-PLS) and data from 170 stakeholders, the findings confirm that all three ESG dimensions positively and significantly impact economic outcomes. This model underscores the necessity of integrating ESG principles to enhance resilience, adaptability, and social responsibility while mitigating environmental risks. The study provides actionable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders to implement ESG-driven strategies that align sustainability goals with economic growth. However, limitations such as geographical scope, short-term analysis, and broad coverage of supply chain activities highlight the need for further research to ensure generalizability and long-term applicability. Full article

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26 pages, 1514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach COPRAS for Developing Sustainable Building Practices in the European Region

by Jurgita Raudeliuniene, Eva Trinkuniene, Aurelija Burinskiene and Raimonda Bubliene

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3740; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083740 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 234

Abstract

Sustainable building practices face various problematic areas in the European region, such as climate change, high initial costs for sustainable materials and technologies, regulation, sourcing sustainable materials, performance, staff competencies, energy efficiency, waste management, environmental quality and impact, community perception and awareness, integration [...] Read more.

Sustainable building practices face various problematic areas in the European region, such as climate change, high initial costs for sustainable materials and technologies, regulation, sourcing sustainable materials, performance, staff competencies, energy efficiency, waste management, environmental quality and impact, community perception and awareness, integration with existing infrastructure, and others. In order to address these problems, it is essential to adopt appropriate methods and techniques that facilitate informed decision-making and the creation of sustainable strategies for developing building practices. One of the methods for analyzing and developing sustainable building practices is multi-criteria assessment methods that allow for the consideration of multiple criteria simultaneously, providing a more holistic view of the alternatives being assessed. These methods enhance the transparency of the decision-making process by clearly defining the criteria and weights used in the evaluation, and they can be adapted to various building practices. In this study, the COPRAS (Complex Proportional Assessment) method was chosen which is a multi-criteria decision-making method that provides a systematic and quantitative approach for evaluating and ranking alternatives based on multiple criteria and ensures a more objective and data-driven decision-making process. This study aims to analyze the development peculiarities of sustainable building practices in the European region by applying the COPRAS approach and method. In this study, a scientific literature review, the COPRAS method, and expert evaluation were applied. The results of the expert evaluation showed that confidence in the quality and structural properties of secondary materials (traceability) criteria received the highest weight among other criteria. Applying the comprehensive COPRAS method highlighted that assessing the set of criteria is vital for the construction and manufacturing sectors. These findings could be significant for policymakers in developing sustainable building practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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24 pages, 10195 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress of Three-Dimensional Engineering Geological Evaluation Modeling

by Gaoang Wei, Bowen Zheng, Jinyu Dong, Yue Yang, Guoxiang Yang, Shuaihua Song, Songfeng Guo and Shengwen Qi

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3739; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083739 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 248

Abstract

With the rapid development of China’s economic construction and the increasing scale of the project, more and more complex engineering geological problems have put forward higher requirements for engineering geological researchers. As the core link of engineering geological research, engineering geological evaluation provides [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of China’s economic construction and the increasing scale of the project, more and more complex engineering geological problems have put forward higher requirements for engineering geological researchers. As the core link of engineering geological research, engineering geological evaluation provides a key scientific basis for solving engineering geological problems. The engineering geological evaluation model is a good tool and means to support the realization of the evaluation method. Therefore, it is urgent to study three-dimensional engineering geological evaluation modeling systematically. In view of the current situation that the construction methods of the three-dimensional engineering geological evaluation model in the field of infrastructure construction at home and abroad are not uniform, this paper briefly summarizes the research progress of the three-dimensional engineering geological evaluation model. It focuses on three-dimensional geological modeling and the three-dimensional engineering geological space evaluation index system. This study discusses the main methods for comprehensive engineering geological evaluation and the construction of a three-dimensional geological model. At the same time, in response to the low accuracy of current three-dimensional engineering geological evaluation models and their insufficient integration with numerical simulations, this paper proposes improvement suggestions and outlines the development trends of such models. The purpose of this paper is to deepen the engineering geological evaluation work, promote its sustainable development, and lay the foundation for the study of a three-dimensional engineering geological evaluation model so as to cope with more complex engineering geological challenges in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Study on Sustainable Geological Disaster Prevention and Control in Engineering)

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20 pages, 2771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Heavy Metal Sources and Sustainability: Human Health Risk Assessment of Typical Agricultural Soils in Tianjin, North China Plain

by Ling Zhu, Kun Liu, Jiong Zhou and Lanlan Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3738; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083738 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 180

Abstract

Tianjin is a typical industrialized city of 13.64 million people, and the urbanization rate is 85.49%. The risk of heavy metals in the soils of the typical agricultural land around Tianjin poses a significant challenge to the sustainability of the ecosystem’s health and [...] Read more.

Tianjin is a typical industrialized city of 13.64 million people, and the urbanization rate is 85.49%. The risk of heavy metals in the soils of the typical agricultural land around Tianjin poses a significant challenge to the sustainability of the ecosystem’s health and human health. Different heavy metals in different land-use types in Tianjin have all accumulated in the soils, and the vegetable base had the highest total of accumulated heavy metals. This study took the surface soil of farmland Xiqing District—the main vegetable and crop area in Tianjin—as the research object, and the concentrations of eight heavy metals were analyzed. The geo-accumulation index (I_geo), principal component analysis (PCA), absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS–MLR), positive definite matrix factorization (PMF), and health risk assessment model were used to evaluate the degree, sources, and health risks (to adults and children) of heavy metal pollution. This study compares the APCS–MLR model with the PMF model. The results showed that Cd and Hg pollution were the most severe among the eight heavy metals in agricultural soil, with the average values exceeding the background by 151.9% and 324.1%, respectively. About 15% of the sites were at moderate to severe pollution levels. The PMF model can better analyze the sources of heavy metals in the study area, showing that the main sources of heavy metal pollution include natural source, mixed source of agriculture and transportation, coal combustion source, and pesticide source. The total carcinogenic risk index (TCR) of natural source is the highest, with Cr being the main contributor to maximum total non-carcinogenic risk indices (HI) and TCR for children; Hg contributes the most to HI in the coal combustion source, while Cu and Zn contributes most in the mixed source of agriculture and transportation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Farmland Soil Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration)

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16 pages, 1742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Dynamic Surface Leaching of Asphalt Mixtures Incorporating Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag as Aggregate for Sustainable Road Construction

by Iván Salas, Eva Cifrian, Pedro Lastra-González, Daniel Castro-Fresno and Ana Andrés

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3737; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083737 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 217

Abstract

This study evaluated the environmental sustainability of partially replacing natural aggregates with electric arc furnace (EAF) slag in concrete and porous asphalt mixtures. Both the Equilibrium Leaching Test (EN 12457-4) and the Dynamic Surface Leaching Test (DSLT, CEN/TS 16637-2) were applied to analyse [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the environmental sustainability of partially replacing natural aggregates with electric arc furnace (EAF) slag in concrete and porous asphalt mixtures. Both the Equilibrium Leaching Test (EN 12457-4) and the Dynamic Surface Leaching Test (DSLT, CEN/TS 16637-2) were applied to analyse the leaching behaviour of the asphalt mixtures. The results showed that the incorporation of EAF slag led to the release of chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), and vanadium (V), while the type of bitumen affected the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release. However, when compared to EAF slag leaching, asphalt mixtures exhibited significantly reduced leaching, particularly Cr (by 70%) and V (by 60%). These results indicate that metal leaching follows a diffusion-controlled release mechanism, showing higher concentrations for the porous asphalt compared to the asphalt concrete. The cumulative leaching values at 64 days reached 2.54 mg·m⁻² for Cr, 3.29 mg·m⁻² for Mo, and 28.67 mg·m⁻² for V, far from the limits set by the Dutch Soil Quality Decree (SQD) of 120, 144, and 320 mg·m⁻², respectively. Therefore, this study demonstrated that EAF slag is a viable alternative for sustainable road construction, reducing natural resource consumption and promoting the circular economy. Full article

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22 pages, 12998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Analysis and Sustainable Cutoff Wall Parametric Optimization for Deep-Large Excavation High Slopes: A Case Study of the Yunnan Water Diversion Project

by Fangjingchen Li, Zhenguo Liu, Zhigang Kong, Honggang Chen and Zhanjiang Chen

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3736; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083736 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 143

Abstract

Slope stability analysis requires particular attention to groundwater effects, where seepage–stress coupling fundamentally alters mechanical responses. This investigation develops a field-calibrated numerical model using monitoring data from a water diversion project in Yunnan, using finite element analysis based on seepage–stress coupling theory. Comparative [...] Read more.

Slope stability analysis requires particular attention to groundwater effects, where seepage–stress coupling fundamentally alters mechanical responses. This investigation develops a field-calibrated numerical model using monitoring data from a water diversion project in Yunnan, using finite element analysis based on seepage–stress coupling theory. Comparative stability assessments through strength reduction methodology evaluate three scenarios: non-seepage conditions, seepage–stress interaction, and cutoff wall implementation. Results demonstrate the cutoff wall’s effectiveness, achieving optimal slope ratios of 1:1.41 compared to 1:2.21 under seepage–stress coupling. Parametric analyses reveal quantitative relationships between wall characteristics and stability metrics. Elastic modulus optimization within practical ranges (9362.63 MPa peak performance) enables steeper 1:1.37 slopes while maintaining safety factors. Strategic width reduction from 0.6 m to 0.4 m decreases concrete usage by 33% without compromising stability thresholds, proving cost-efficiency in large-scale applications. The methodology provides actionable guidelines for deep excavation projects facing similar hydrogeological challenges. Optimized cutoff walls enhance slope stability sustainably through ecological preservation and resource efficiency, providing actionable frameworks for eco-conscious geotechnical design aligned with global sustainability objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seepage and Erosion in Soils and Rocks: Challenges for Environmental Sustainability and Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering)

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34 pages, 15929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Particle-Swarm-Optimization-Based Operation of Secondary Heat Supply Networks

by Guo Tang, Kaiyuan Chen, Liteng Wang, Ning Zhang, Junwei Zhang, Xiaojie Lin and Yanling Wu

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3735; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083735 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 114

Abstract

Urban centralized heating systems, as a crucial component of the energy transition, face new challenges in terms of reliable and balanced operation, energy-saving performance, and optimized control. Based on the accurate quantification of user heat load, an operational optimization method for secondary heating [...] Read more.

Urban centralized heating systems, as a crucial component of the energy transition, face new challenges in terms of reliable and balanced operation, energy-saving performance, and optimized control. Based on the accurate quantification of user heat load, an operational optimization method for secondary heating networks is proposed. By accurately analyzing the actual heating demands of different users according to building characteristics and climatic conditions and integrating the hydraulic and thermal modeling of a pipeline network, a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed to optimize the valve opening degrees of users and the secondary side, achieving the optimal operating state of the secondary network that matches user load and obtaining the optimal valve regulation strategy. The results of a case analysis show that, after optimization, the overall variance of return water temperature for heat users decreased by 12.16%, and the electricity consumption of the secondary network circulation pump was reduced by 16.46%, demonstrating the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed optimization method. On the basis of ensuring hydraulic balance in the heating system, the method meets the individual heating demands of users, effectively improves user thermal comfort, and reduces energy consumption, addressing the issues of excessive and uneven heat supply. Full article

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24 pages, 6404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Investigation of Renewable Energy Integration in Energy Management Systems with Quantum-Inspired Multiverse Optimization

by Dilip Kumar, Yogesh Kumar Chauhan and Ajay Shekhar Pandey

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3734; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083734 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 148

Abstract

The study introduces a novel standalone hybrid Energy Management System that combines solar PV, wind energy conversion systems, battery storage, and microturbines in order to provide reliable and efficient power under various operating conditions. The developed Quantum-Inspired Multiverse Optimization (QI-MVO) algorithm has thus [...] Read more.

The study introduces a novel standalone hybrid Energy Management System that combines solar PV, wind energy conversion systems, battery storage, and microturbines in order to provide reliable and efficient power under various operating conditions. The developed Quantum-Inspired Multiverse Optimization (QI-MVO) algorithm has thus far allowed for a remarkable efficiency of 99.9% and a 40% reduction in power losses when compared to conventional approaches. A rather speedy convergence to best solutions is exhibited by the methods, which take about 0.07 s for calculation, hence ensuring accurate optimization in complex energy systems. The QI-MVO-based EMS brings in improved reliability and optimal utilization of the system through balanced energy distribution and by maintaining system operational stability. In conclusion, the present work showcases QI-MVO as a sustainable and scalable energy management solution, which sets the stage for optimization strategies wherein hybrid energy management assumes a very important role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy and Utility System Optimization for Sustainable Industries)

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55 pages, 29982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Shipping: Modeling Technological Pathways Toward Net-Zero Emissions in Maritime Transport (Part I)

by Jean-David Caprace, Crístofer Hood Marques, Luiz Felipe Assis, Andrea Lucchesi and Paula Carvalho Pereda

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3733; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083733 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 178

Abstract

Maritime transport accounts for approximately 3% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, a figure projected to rise by 17% by 2050 without effective mitigation measures. Achieving zero-emission shipping requires a comprehensive strategy that integrates regulatory frameworks, alternative fuels, and energy-saving technologies. However, existing [...] Read more.

Maritime transport accounts for approximately 3% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, a figure projected to rise by 17% by 2050 without effective mitigation measures. Achieving zero-emission shipping requires a comprehensive strategy that integrates regulatory frameworks, alternative fuels, and energy-saving technologies. However, existing studies often fail to provide an integrated analysis of regulatory constraints, economic incentives, and technological feasibility. This study bridges this gap by developing an integrated model tailored for international maritime transport, incorporating regulatory constraints, economic incentives, and technological feasibility into a unified framework. The model is developed using a predictive approach to assess decarbonization pathways for global shipping from 2018 to 2035. A multi-criterion decision analysis (MCDA) framework, coupled with techno-economic modeling, evaluates the cost-effectiveness, technology readiness, and adoption potential of alternative fuels, operational strategies, and market-based measures. The results indicate that technical and operational measures alone can reduce emissions by up to 44%, while market-based measures improve the diversity of sustainable fuel adoption. Biofuels, particularly BISVO and BIFAME, emerge as preferred alternatives due to cost-effectiveness, while green hydrogen, ammonia, and biomethanol remain unviable without additional policy support. A strict carbon levy increases transport costs by 46%, whereas flexible compliance mechanisms limit cost increases to 14–25%. The proposed approach provides a robust decision-support framework for policymakers and industry stakeholders, ensuring transparency in evaluating the trade-offs between emissions reductions and economic feasibility, thereby guiding future regulatory strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Shipping and Operational Strategies of Clean Energy)

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20 pages, 37692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmentally Sustainable Lithium Exploration: A Multi-Source Remote Sensing and Comprehensive Analysis Approach for Clay-Type Deposits in Central Yunnan, China

by Yan Li, Xiping Yuan, Shu Gan, Changsi Mu, Zhi Lin, Xiong Duan, Yanyan Shao, Yanying Wang and Lin Hu

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3732; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083732 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 139

Abstract

Carbonate-hosted clay-type lithium deposits have emerged as strategic resources critical to the global energy transition, yet their exploration faces the dual challenges of technical complexity and environmental sustainability. Traditional methods often entail extensive land disruption, particularly in ecologically sensitive ecosystems where vegetation coverage [...] Read more.

Carbonate-hosted clay-type lithium deposits have emerged as strategic resources critical to the global energy transition, yet their exploration faces the dual challenges of technical complexity and environmental sustainability. Traditional methods often entail extensive land disruption, particularly in ecologically sensitive ecosystems where vegetation coverage and weathered layers hinder mineral detection. This study presents a case study of the San Dan lithium deposit in central Yunnan, where we propose a hierarchical anomaly extraction and multidimensional weighted comprehensive analysis. This comprehensive method integrates multi-source data from GF-3 QPSI SAR, GF-5B hyperspectral, and Landsat-8 OLI datasets and is structured around two core parts, as follows: (1) Hierarchical Anomaly Extraction: Utilizing principal component analysis, this part extracts hydroxyl and iron-stained alteration anomalies. It further employs the spectral hourglass technique for the precise identification of lithium-rich minerals, such as montmorillonite and illite. Additionally, concealed structures are extracted using azimuth filtering and structural detection in radar remote sensing. (2) Multidimensional Weighted Comprehensive Analysis: This module applies reclassification, kernel density analysis, and normalization preprocessing to five informational layers—hydroxyl, iron staining, minerals, lithology, and structure. Dynamic weighting, informed by expert experience and experimental adjustments using the weighted weight-of-evidence method, delineates graded target areas. Three priority target areas were identified, with field validation conducted in the most promising area revealing Li₂O contents ranging from 0.10% to 0.22%. This technical system, through the collaborative interpretation of multi-source data and quantitative decision-making processes, provides robust support for exploring carbonate-clay-type lithium deposits in central Yunnan. By promoting efficient, data-driven exploration and minimizing environmental disruption, it ensures that lithium extraction meets the growing demand while preserving ecological integrity, setting a benchmark for the sustainable exploration of clay-type lithium deposits worldwide. Full article

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21 pages, 6889 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Optimizing Key Evacuation Features for Safer Egress in Complex Buildings with Underground Connections: A Simulation-Based Approach to Resilient and Sustainable Design

by Yoon-Shin Bae and Minji Choi

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3731; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083731 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 189

Abstract

This study explores the impact of key evacuation features on occupant safety in complex buildings with underground connections in Seoul, the city with the highest concentration of such buildings in the country. By analyzing factors like exit spacing, exit width, stairwell distances, and [...] Read more.

This study explores the impact of key evacuation features on occupant safety in complex buildings with underground connections in Seoul, the city with the highest concentration of such buildings in the country. By analyzing factors like exit spacing, exit width, stairwell distances, and stairway configurations, the study assesses evacuation safety using fire and evacuation simulations, comparing available safe egress time (ASET) with required safe egress time (RSET). Reducing interior exit facility spacing from the legal standard of 100 m to 50 m improved evacuation time by 77.5% (from 36 min to 8 min and 7 s), with a further reduction to 40 m improving performance by an additional 23.3% (to 6 min and 13 s). In downward evacuations, reducing the walking distance to exterior exits from over 50 m to 30 m cut evacuation time by at least 59.9% (from 23 min and 55 s to 9 min and 35 s), ensuring successful evacuations. These findings demonstrate that optimizing evacuation routes, addressing bottlenecks, and improving evacuation feature standards can significantly enhance safety and minimize casualties. By adjusting building design and fire safety regulations, these optimizations promote resilient urban infrastructure, reduce disaster-related socio-economic impacts, and inform evidence-based policies, offering valuable insights for policymakers and guiding future improvements in fire safety and evacuation protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hazards and Sustainability)

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14 pages, 15655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Urban Planning Using Integrated Geophysical Techniques in New Sohag City, Egypt

by Essam A. Morsy

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3730; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083730 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 178

Abstract

Sustainable planning in New Sohag City, Egypt, can be significantly enhanced by employing integrated geophysical techniques. The current research presents the applicability of multiple integrated geophysical methods to prepare the optimal land use plans for the sustainable development of the new urban extension [...] Read more.

Sustainable planning in New Sohag City, Egypt, can be significantly enhanced by employing integrated geophysical techniques. The current research presents the applicability of multiple integrated geophysical methods to prepare the optimal land use plans for the sustainable development of the new urban extension of Sohag Governorate, Upper Egypt, to tackle residential density and overcrowding in the governorate. The utilized geophysical techniques were electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), seismic refraction (SR), and ground penetrating radar (GPR). All these applied geophysical techniques concluded the near-surface stratigraphic sequence, which can be summarized by a generic subsurface model: variable wadi-fill deposits due to the variation in the flooding nature of the Nile River over the past millions of years, with an average thickness of 4.1 m; wet sand with intercalations of silt and clay, with an average thickness of 9.2 m. The model ends with highly saturated sand and gravel deposits, representing the groundwater aquifer throughout the studied area. The integration of the geophysical techniques, as well as the geological investigation, proved a clear efficacy for preparing the optimal land-use plan of the studied site, in the form of the proposed extensions of the agricultural activities, green and open areas, old quarrying areas, construction areas, and the groundwater potential throughout the studied area to conserve natural resources and ensure sustainable land use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hazards and Sustainability)

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17 pages, 4023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Freshwater–Saline Water Resource Mixing Irrigation Under Multiple Constraints

by Yanyan Ge, Yifan Jia, Sheng Li and Feilong Jie

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3729; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083729 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 130

Abstract

The unique anticline geological structure in the central region of Yingjisha County results in significant spatial variations in groundwater quality. The study shows that the recoverable groundwater reserves account for 13.5% of the natural groundwater supply, and the development potential is considerable. Therefore, [...] Read more.

The unique anticline geological structure in the central region of Yingjisha County results in significant spatial variations in groundwater quality. The study shows that the recoverable groundwater reserves account for 13.5% of the natural groundwater supply, and the development potential is considerable. Therefore, this study conducts an in-depth analysis of the spatial distribution characteristics of multiple water sources, integrates agricultural cropping patterns, and delineates irrigation districts accordingly. A water quality-based optimized allocation model for water resources is established. After optimization, the total irrigation water demand is reduced from 3685.8 million m³ to 3229.9 million m³, with total groundwater extraction controlled at 694.0 million m³. The total water shortage rate is 12%, and the decline in groundwater levels has been effectively controlled. Additionally, 116.4 million m³ of saline water is utilized, achieving an 83% utilization rate, which accounts for 16.8% of total groundwater extraction. Consequently, the utilization rate of freshwater decreases from 127% to 64%, while the overall water supply reliability reaches 87.6%. The sequence of water supply and consumption in the model remains consistent with the existing supply structure, demonstrating the rationality of the model parameter settings. This study proposes an optimal freshwater–saline water allocation model, which mixes saline water with reservoir water for dilution and subsequent agricultural irrigation. The approach aims to exploit the potential of saline groundwater and enhance the utilization efficiency of groundwater systems, thereby providing an innovative solution to alleviate water supply-demand conflicts in arid regions. Full article

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