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Sustainability
Volume 17
Issue 18
10.3390/su17188320
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Retraction of Sustainability 2021, 13(20), 11466.
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Retraction

RETRACTED: Sabbagh et al. Evaluation and Classification Risks of Implementing Blockchain in the Drug Supply Chain with a New Hybrid Sorting Method. Sustainability 2021, 13, 11466

by
Parisa Sabbagh
1,
Rana Pourmohamad
2,
Marischa Elveny
3,*,
Mohammadali Beheshti
4,
Afshin Davarpanah
5,*,
Ahmed Sayed M. Metwally
6,
Shafaqat Ali
7,8,* and
Amin Salih Mohammed
9,10
1
DISA-MIS Department, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
2
ASU School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision System Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
3
Department of Data Science & Computational Intelligence Research Group, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20222, Indonesia
4
University of Houston-Clear Lake, Department of Science and Engineering, Houston, TX 77058, USA
5
Data Science & Computational Intelligence Research Group, Universitas Medan Area, Medan 20112, Indonesia
6
Department of Mathematics, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
7
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
8
Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
9
Department of Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Lebanese French University, Erbil 44001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
10
Department of Software and Informatics Engineering, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8320; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188320
Submission received: 29 July 2025 / Accepted: 8 September 2025 / Published: 17 September 2025
Versions Notes
The journal retracts the article titled “Evaluation and Classification Risks of Implementing Blockchain in the Drug Supply Chain with a New Hybrid Sorting Method” [1], cited above.
Adhering to our complaints procedure, an investigation was conducted by the Editorial Office and Editorial Board that confirmed the presence of irrelevant citations as well as inability to confirm the origins and reliability of the study due to a lack of response from the authors. Consequently, the Editorial Board has lost confidence in the reliability of the findings and decided to retract this publication [1], as per MDPI’s retraction policy (https://www.mdpi.com/ethics#_bookmark30).
This retraction was approved by the Editor-in-Chief of Sustainability. The authors did not provide a comment on this decision.

Reference

  1. Sabbagh, P.; Pourmohamad, R.; Elveny, M.; Beheshti, M.; Davarpanah, A.; Metwally, A.S.M.; Ali, S.; Mohammed, A.S. RETRACTED: Evaluation and Classification Risks of Implementing Blockchain in the Drug Supply Chain with a New Hybrid Sorting Method. Sustainability 2021, 13, 11466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sabbagh, P.; Pourmohamad, R.; Elveny, M.; Beheshti, M.; Davarpanah, A.; Metwally, A.S.M.; Ali, S.; Mohammed, A.S. RETRACTED: Sabbagh et al. Evaluation and Classification Risks of Implementing Blockchain in the Drug Supply Chain with a New Hybrid Sorting Method. Sustainability 2021, 13, 11466. Sustainability 2025, 17, 8320. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188320

AMA Style

Sabbagh P, Pourmohamad R, Elveny M, Beheshti M, Davarpanah A, Metwally ASM, Ali S, Mohammed AS. RETRACTED: Sabbagh et al. Evaluation and Classification Risks of Implementing Blockchain in the Drug Supply Chain with a New Hybrid Sorting Method. Sustainability 2021, 13, 11466. Sustainability. 2025; 17(18):8320. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188320

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sabbagh, Parisa, Rana Pourmohamad, Marischa Elveny, Mohammadali Beheshti, Afshin Davarpanah, Ahmed Sayed M. Metwally, Shafaqat Ali, and Amin Salih Mohammed. 2025. "RETRACTED: Sabbagh et al. Evaluation and Classification Risks of Implementing Blockchain in the Drug Supply Chain with a New Hybrid Sorting Method. Sustainability 2021, 13, 11466" Sustainability 17, no. 18: 8320. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188320

APA Style

Sabbagh, P., Pourmohamad, R., Elveny, M., Beheshti, M., Davarpanah, A., Metwally, A. S. M., Ali, S., & Mohammed, A. S. (2025). RETRACTED: Sabbagh et al. Evaluation and Classification Risks of Implementing Blockchain in the Drug Supply Chain with a New Hybrid Sorting Method. Sustainability 2021, 13, 11466. Sustainability, 17(18), 8320. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188320

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