Exploring the Relationships among Internal Branding, Work Engagement, and Turnover Intention in Public Sports Organizations after the Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Research Hypothesis
2.1. IB and WE
2.2. IB and TI
2.3. WE and TI
2.4. Mediating Effect of WE
3. Methods
3.1. Participants and Procedures
3.2. Measures
4. Results
4.1. Preliminary Data Analysis
4.2. The Result of ANOVA
4.3. The Result of Correlation Analysis
4.4. Hypotheses Testing
4.5. Mediation Effect Testing
5. Discussion
5.1. The Relationship between OMC and WE
5.2. The Relationship between IC and WE
5.3. The Relationship between OMC and TI
5.4. The Relationship between IC and TI
5.5. The Relationship between WE and TI
5.6. The Mediating Role of WE
6. Conclusions
6.1. Theoretical Implications
6.2. Managerial Implications
6.3. Limitations and Future Research Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Organization | Gender | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | ||||
Athletic organization | Age | 20s | 11 | 8 | 19 |
30s | 28 | 18 | 46 | ||
40s | 6 | 2 | 8 | ||
50 and more | 6 | 1 | 7 | ||
Total | 51 | 29 | 80 | ||
Korea Sport Promotion Foundation | Age | 20s | 4 | 4 | 8 |
30s | 23 | 10 | 33 | ||
40s | 19 | 4 | 23 | ||
50 and more | 9 | 3 | 12 | ||
Total | 55 | 21 | 76 | ||
Korea Paralympic Committee | Age | 20s | 3 | 1 | 4 |
30s | 5 | 2 | 7 | ||
40s | 6 | 0 | 6 | ||
Total | 14 | 3 | 17 | ||
Korea Sport & Olympic Committee | Age | 30s | 2 | 6 | 8 |
40s | 4 | 0 | 4 | ||
Total | 6 | 6 | 12 | ||
Taekwondo Promotion Foundation | Age | 20s | 3 | 5 | 8 |
30s | 10 | 2 | 12 | ||
40s | 4 | 0 | 4 | ||
50 and more | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Total | 18 | 7 | 25 | ||
KSPO&CO | Age | 20s | 1 | 1 | 2 |
30s | 4 | 1 | 5 | ||
40s | 12 | 1 | 13 | ||
50 and more | 16 | 2 | 18 | ||
Total | 33 | 5 | 38 | ||
Total | Age | 20s | 22 | 19 | 41 |
30s | 72 | 39 | 111 | ||
40s | 51 | 7 | 58 | ||
50 and more | 32 | 6 | 38 | ||
Total | 177 | 71 | 248 |
Years of Employment | Gender | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | ||||
Less than 2 years | Age | 20s | 15 | 13 | 28 |
30s | 14 | 5 | 19 | ||
40s | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
50 and more | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
Total | 29 | 20 | 49 | ||
2–less than 5 years | Age | 20s | 7 | 5 | 12 |
30s | 13 | 10 | 23 | ||
40s | 5 | 0 | 5 | ||
50 and more | 8 | 0 | 8 | ||
Total | 33 | 15 | 48 | ||
5–less than 10 years | Age | 20s | 0 | 1 | 1 |
30s | 32 | 16 | 48 | ||
40s | 7 | 0 | 7 | ||
50 and more | 4 | 1 | 5 | ||
Total | 43 | 18 | 61 | ||
10–less than 15 years | Age | 30s | 13 | 6 | 19 |
40s | 15 | 4 | 19 | ||
50s | 2 | 0 | 2 | ||
Total | 30 | 10 | 40 | ||
More than 15 years | Age | 30s | 0 | 2 | 2 |
40s | 24 | 2 | 26 | ||
50 and more | 18 | 4 | 22 | ||
Total | 18 | 7 | 50 | ||
Total | Age | 20s | 22 | 19 | 41 |
30s | 72 | 39 | 111 | ||
40s | 51 | 7 | 58 | ||
50 and more | 32 | 6 | 38 | ||
Total | 177 | 71 | 248 |
Position | Gender | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | ||||
Staff or senior staff | Age | 20s | 15 | 15 | 30 |
30s | 19 | 11 | 30 | ||
40s | 5 | 0 | 5 | ||
50 and more | 7 | 1 | 8 | ||
Total | 46 | 27 | 73 | ||
(Assistant) Manager | Age | 20s | 3 | 2 | 5 |
30s | 46 | 23 | 69 | ||
40s | 28 | 5 | 33 | ||
50 and more | 9 | 3 | 12 | ||
Total | 86 | 33 | 119 | ||
(Deputy) General manager | Age | 30s | 1 | 0 | 1 |
40s | 10 | 1 | 11 | ||
50 and more | 7 | 1 | 8 | ||
Total | 18 | 2 | 20 | ||
Head of department | Age | 40s | 1 | 0 | 1 |
50s | 4 | 1 | 5 | ||
Total | 5 | 1 | 6 | ||
Temporary worker | Age | 20s | 4 | 2 | 6 |
30s | 5 | 4 | 9 | ||
40s | 3 | 0 | 3 | ||
50 and more | 2 | 0 | 2 | ||
Total | 14 | 6 | 20 | ||
Others | Age | 30s | 1 | 1 | 2 |
40s | 4 | 1 | 5 | ||
50 and more | 3 | 0 | 3 | ||
Total | 8 | 2 | 10 | ||
Total | Age | 20s | 22 | 19 | 41 |
30s | 72 | 39 | 111 | ||
40s | 51 | 7 | 58 | ||
50 and more | 32 | 6 | 38 | ||
Total | 177 | 71 | 248 |
Factor | Gender | M | SD | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organizational management culture | Male | 3.55 | 0.77 | 1.085 | 0.299 |
Female | 3.43 | 0.77 | |||
Internal communication | Male | 3.40 | 0.95 | 1.079 | 0.300 |
Female | 3.25 | 0.97 | |||
Work engagement | Male | 3.70 | 0.81 | 0.227 | 0.634 |
Female | 3.65 | 0.72 | |||
Turnover intention | Male | 2.59 | 0.99 | 1.029 | 0.311 |
Female | 2.72 | 0.94 |
Factor | Years of Employment | M | SD | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organizational management culture | Less than 2 years | 3.66 | 0.77 | 1.810 | 0.127 |
2–less than 5 years | 3.45 | 0.87 | |||
5–less than 10 years | 3.34 | 0.72 | |||
10–less than 15 years | 3.49 | 0.68 | |||
More than 15 years | 3.67 | 0.79 | |||
Internal communication | Less than 2 years | 3.59 | 0.91 | 2.023 | 0.092 |
2–less than 5 years | 3.25 | 0.98 | |||
5–less than 10 years | 3.21 | 0.88 | |||
10–less than 15 years | 3.20 | 1.02 | |||
More than 15 years | 3.55 | 0.96 | |||
Work engagement | Less than 2 years | 3.79 | 0.67 | 0.470 | 0.758 |
2–less than 5 years | 3.58 | 0.93 | |||
5–less than 10 years | 3.70 | 0.72 | |||
10–less than 15 years | 3.65 | 0.84 | |||
More than 15 years | 3.70 | 0.79 | |||
Turnover intention | Less than 2 years | 2.38 | 0.93 | 1.231 | 0.298 |
2–less than 5 years | 2.74 | 1.05 | |||
5–less than 10 years | 2.68 | 0.83 | |||
10–less than 15 years | 2.58 | 1.01 | |||
More than 15 years | 2.75 | 1.10 |
Factor | Age | M | SD | F | p | Post-Hoc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organizational management culture | 20s | 3.69 | 0.67 | 4.436 | 0.005 | n/a |
30s | 3.32 | 0.77 | ||||
40s | 3.63 | 0.85 | ||||
50s | 3.72 | 0.65 | ||||
Internal communication | 20s | 3.59 | 0.90 | 3.621 | 0.014 | n/a |
30s | 3.14 | 0.98 | ||||
40s | 3.54 | 1.01 | ||||
50s | 3.45 | 0.69 | ||||
Work engagement | 20s | 3.72 | 0.78 | 2.884 | 0.036 | n/a |
30s | 3.53 | 0.77 | ||||
40s | 3.80 | 0.74 | ||||
50s | 3.90 | 0.82 | ||||
Turnover intention | 20s | 2.34 | 0.75 | 1.875 | 0.134 | n/a |
30s | 2.73 | 0.96 | ||||
40s | 2.71 | 1.05 | ||||
50s | 2.53 | 1.09 |
Contrast | Value of Contrast | Std. Error | t | df | Sig. (2-Tailed) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OMC | Assume equal variances | dimension2 | 1 | −0.1130 | 0.21259 | −0.532 | 242 | 0.596 |
Does not assume equal variances | dimension2 | 1 | −0.1130 | 0.21009 | −0.538 | 24.797 | 0.595 |
Contrast | Value of Contrast | Std. Error | t | df | Sig. (2-Tailed) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IC | Assume equal variances | dimension2 | 1 | 0.0402 | 0.26054 | 0.154 | 242 | 0.877 |
Does not assume equal variances | dimension2 | 1 | 0.0402 | 0.31241 | 0.129 | 22.089 | 0.899 |
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Category | n | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 177 | 71.4 |
Female | 71 | 28.6 | |
Age | 20s | 41 | 16.5 |
30s | 111 | 44.8 | |
40s | 58 | 23.4 | |
50 and over | 38 | 15.3 | |
Organization | Korea Sport & Olympic Committee | 12 | 4.8 |
Korea Sport Promotion Foundation | 76 | 30.6 | |
KSPO & CO | 38 | 15.3 | |
Athletic organization | 81 | 32.7 | |
Taekwondo Promotion Foundation | 24 | 9.7 | |
Korea Paralympic Committee | 17 | 6.9 | |
Years of employment | Less than 2 years | 49 | 19.8 |
2–less than 5 years | 48 | 19.4 | |
5–less than 10 years | 61 | 24.6 | |
10–less than 15 years | 40 | 16.1 | |
More than 15 years | 50 | 20.2 | |
Position | Staff or senior staff | 73 | 29.4 |
(Assistant) Manager | 119 | 48 | |
(Deputy) General manager | 20 | 8.1 | |
Head of department | 6 | 2.4 | |
Temporary worker | 20 | 8.1 | |
Others | 10 | 4 |
Variables and Items | Estimate | SE | CR | AVE | ω | α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organizational management culture | 0.930 | 0.628 | 0.924 | 0.921 | ||
I know the core values and visions of my organization compared to others | 0.603 | |||||
My organization reflects the values and visions set in its work | 0.741 | 0.168 | ||||
I know my role in communicating values and visions to external stakeholders | 0.707 | 0.155 | ||||
Most employees are interested in values and visions of my organization | 0.771 | 0.163 | ||||
Managers seem to understand values and visions of my organization and reflect them in their work | 0.770 | 0.175 | ||||
Organizational culture reflects values and visions pursued by my organization | 0.857 | 0.181 | ||||
My organization employs people who meet our values and vision | 0.776 | 0.173 | ||||
Managers help organizational employees understand and practice values and visions of the organization | 0.901 | 0.188 | ||||
Internal communication | 0.886 | 0.723 | 0.896 | 0.895 | ||
I think my organization’s internal publications are efficient in understanding its values and visions | 0.840 | |||||
My organization guides applicants to understand the value and vision of the organization through pamphlets, notices, and website information when hiring | 0.845 | 0.061 | ||||
Education and training for internal employees of an organization helps to understand the value and vision of the organization | 0.893 | 0.063 | ||||
Work engagement | 0.838 | 0.636 | 0.812 | 0.805 | ||
I enjoy going to work | 0.707 | |||||
I work passionately in my duties | 0.700 | 0.074 | ||||
I think the work I do is worth contributing to the development of my organization | 0.898 | 0.095 | ||||
Turnover intention | 0.848 | 0.583 | 0.878 | 0.878 | ||
I feel like quitting the current organization | 0.872 | |||||
I want to work for another organization | 0.869 | 0.063 | ||||
I have prepared to change jobs | 0.759 | 0.074 | ||||
If I go back in time, I will not choose the current organization | 0.719 | 0.068 | ||||
x2 = 292.605, df = 129, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.946, TLI = 0.936, and RMSEA = 0.072 |
Factor | Organization | M | SD | F | p | Partial η2 | Post-Hoc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organizational management culture | Athletic organization (a) | 3.24 | 0.76 | 7.272 | 0.000 | 0.131 | c, f > a |
Korea Sport Promotion Foundation (b) | 3.48 | 0.81 | |||||
Korea Paralympic Committee (c) | 4.07 | 0.77 | |||||
Korea Sport & Olympic Committee (d) | 3.57 | 0.71 | |||||
Taekwondo Promotion Foundation (e) | 3.42 | 0.49 | |||||
KSPO & CO (f) | 3.96 | 0.59 | |||||
Internal communication | Athletic organization (a) | 2.88 | 0.91 | 7.976 | 0.000 | 0.141 | f, c > a |
Korea Sport Promotion Foundation (b) | 3.52 | 0.92 | |||||
Korea Paralympic Committee (c) | 3.78 | 1.18 | |||||
Korea Sport & Olympic Committee (d) | 3.33 | 0.89 | |||||
Taekwondo Promotion Foundation (e) | 3.40 | 0.68 | |||||
KSPO & CO (f) | 3.82 | 0.76 | |||||
Work engagement | Athletic organization (a) | 3.57 | 0.83 | 4.413 | 0.001 | 0.084 | e > d |
Korea Sport Promotion Foundation (b) | 3.59 | 0.72 | |||||
Korea Paralympic Committee (c) | 3.98 | 0.94 | |||||
Korea Sport & Olympic Committee (d) | 3.39 | 0.85 | |||||
Taekwondo Promotion Foundation (e) | 4.15 | 0.58 | |||||
KSPO & CO (f) | 3.69 | 0.79 | |||||
Turnover intention | Athletic organization (a) | 2.73 | 0.94 | 1.468 | 0.201 | n/a | n/a |
Korea Sport Promotion Foundation (b) | 2.66 | 1.01 | |||||
Korea Paralympic Committee (c) | 2.22 | 1.17 | |||||
Korea Sport & Olympic Committee (d) | 2.90 | 1.30 | |||||
Taekwondo Promotion Foundation (e) | 2.70 | 0.67 | |||||
KSPO & CO (f) | 2.39 | 0.97 |
Factor | Position | M | SD | F | p | Partial η2 | Post-Hoc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organizational management culture | Staff or senior staff (a) | 3.56 | 0.69 | 2.711 | 0.021 | 0.053 | d > f |
(Assistant) Manager (b) | 3.45 | 0.75 | |||||
(Deputy) General manager (c) | 3.55 | 0.71 | |||||
Head of department (d) | 4.15 | 0.43 | |||||
Temporary worker (e) | 3.79 | 0.95 | |||||
Others (f) | 2.95 | 1.16 | |||||
Internal communication | Staff or senior staff (a) | 3.41 | 0.88 | 1.234 | 0.294 | n/a | n/a |
(Assistant) Manager (b) | 3.28 | 0.95 | |||||
(Deputy) General manager (c) | 3.40 | 1.07 | |||||
Head of department (d) | 3.83 | 0.59 | |||||
Temporary worker (e) | 3.63 | 1.15 | |||||
Others (f) | 2.93 | 0.98 | |||||
Work engagement | Staff or senior staff (a) | 3.62 | 0.77 | 0.686 | 0.635 | n/a | n/a |
(Assistant) Manager (b) | 3.69 | 0.73 | |||||
(Deputy) General manager (c) | 3.80 | 0.87 | |||||
Head of department (d) | 4.06 | 0.33 | |||||
Temporary worker (e) | 3.80 | 0.94 | |||||
Others (f) | 3.47 | 1.16 | |||||
Turnover intention | Staff or senior staff (a) | 2.62 | 0.92 | 1.652 | 0.147 | n/a | n/a |
(Assistant) Manager (b) | 2.67 | 0.92 | |||||
(Deputy) General manager (c) | 2.65 | 1.10 | |||||
Head of department (d) | 1.83 | 0.77 | |||||
Temporary worker (e) | 2.39 | 1.17 | |||||
Others (f) | 3.15 | 1.40 |
Variables | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Organizational management culture | 3.51 | 0.77 | 0.628 (a) | |||
2. Internal communication | 3.36 | 0.95 | 0.779 ** | 0.723 (a) | ||
3. Work engagement | 3.69 | 0.79 | 0.567 ** | 0.444** | 0.636 (a) | |
4. Turnover intention | 2.62 | 0.98 | −0.470 ** | −0.302 ** | −0.511 ** | 0.583 (a) |
Path | Estimate | SE | t | p | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1-1. OMC → WE | 0.707 | 0.204 | 4.204 | 0.000 | Accepted |
H1-2. IC → WE | −0.079 | 0.096 | −0.520 | 0.603 | Rejected |
H2-1. OMC → TI | −0.612 | 0.316 | −3.447 | 0.000 | Accepted |
H2-2. IC → TI | 0.417 | 0.143 | 2.705 | 0.007 | Rejected |
H3. WE → TI | −0.421 | 0.136 | −4.552 | 0.000 | Accepted |
Path | Direct Effect | Indirect Effect (p) | Total Effect | 95% CI (Bias-Corrected Bootstrap) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||
H4. OMC → WE → TI | −0.612 | −0.298 (0.005) | −0.910 | −0.498 | −0.139 |
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Park, J.; Kim, J. Exploring the Relationships among Internal Branding, Work Engagement, and Turnover Intention in Public Sports Organizations after the Pandemic. Sustainability 2024, 16, 1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031342
Park J, Kim J. Exploring the Relationships among Internal Branding, Work Engagement, and Turnover Intention in Public Sports Organizations after the Pandemic. Sustainability. 2024; 16(3):1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031342
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Jongchul, and Jooyoung Kim. 2024. "Exploring the Relationships among Internal Branding, Work Engagement, and Turnover Intention in Public Sports Organizations after the Pandemic" Sustainability 16, no. 3: 1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031342