South Africa as a Donor of Its Native and Exotic Species to the International Pet Trade
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Number of Species Exported
3.2. Temporal Trend Analysis
3.3. Top Ten Exported Species
3.4. Rare and Threatened Species
3.5. Sources of Trade
3.6. Importing Countries
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bush, E.R.; Baker, S.E.; Macdonald, D.W. Global trade in exotic pets 2006–2012. Conserv. Biol. 2014, 28, 663–676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Musing, L.; Suzuki, K.; Nekaris, K.A.I. Crossing international borders: The trade of slow lorises, Nycticebus spp., as pets in Japan. Asian Primates J. 2015, 5, 12–24. [Google Scholar]
- Smith, K.M.; Zambrana-Torrelio, C.; White, A.; Asmussen, M.; Machalaba, C.; Kennedy, S.; Lopez, K.; Wolf, T.M.; Daszak, P.; Travis, D.A.; et al. Summarizing US wildlife trade with an eye toward assessing the risk of infectious disease introduction. EcoHealth 2017, 14, 29–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lockwood, J.L.; Welbourne, D.J.; Romagosa, C.M.; Cassey, P.; Mandrak, N.E.; Strecker, A.; Leung, B.; Stringham, O.C.; Udell, B.; Episcopio-Sturgeon, D.J.; et al. When pets become pests: The role of the exotic pet trade in producing invasive vertebrate animals. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2019, 17, 323–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hulme, P.E. Unwelcome exchange: International trade as a direct and indirect driver of biological invasions worldwide. One Earth 2021, 4, 666–679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hierink, F.; Bolon, I.; Durso, A.M.; de Castaneda, R.R.; Zambrana-Torrelio, C.; Eskew, E.A.; Ray, N. Forty-four years of global trade in CITES-listed snakes: Trends and implications for conservation and public health. Biol. Conserv. 2020, 248, 108601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andersson, A.A.; Tilley, H.B.; Lau, W.; Dudgeon, D.; Bonebrake, T.C.; Dingle, C. CITES and beyond: Illuminating 20 years of global, legal wildlife trade. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 2021, 26, e01455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heid, B.; Márquez-Ramos, L. International environmental agreements and imperfect enforcement: Evidence from CITES. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 2023, 118, 102784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scheffers, B.R.; Oliveira, B.F.; Lamb, I.; Edwards, D.P. Global wildlife trade across the tree of life. Science 2019, 366, 71–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gippet, J.M.; Bertelsmeier, C. Invasiveness is linked to greater commercial success in the global pet trade. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2021, 118, e2016337118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hill, C.M. Primate conservation and local communities—Ethical issues and debates. Am. Anthropol. 2002, 104, 1184–1194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baker, S.E.; Cain, R.; Van Kesteren, F.; Zommers, Z.A.; D’cruze, N.; Macdonald, D.W. Rough trade: Animal welfare in the global wildlife trade. BioScience 2013, 63, 928–938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toland, E.; Bando, M.; Hamers, M.; Cadenas, V.; Laidlaw, R.; Martínez-Silvestre, A.; van der Wielen, P. Turning negatives into positives for pet trading and keeping: A review of positive lists. Animals 2020, 10, 2371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marshall, B.M.; Strine, C.; Hughes, A.C. Thousands of reptile species threatened by under-regulated global trade. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hughes, A.C. Wildlife trade. Curr. Biol. 2021, 31, R1218–R1224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pavlin, B.I.; Schloegel, L.M.; Daszak, P. Risk of importing zoonotic diseases through wildlife trade, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2009, 15, 1721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shivambu, N.; Shivambu, T.C.; Chimimba, C.T. Zoonotic Pathogens Associated with Pet and Feeder Murid Rodent Species: A Global Systematic Review. Vector-Borne Zoon. Dis. 2023, 23, 551–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maher, J.; Wyatt, T. International Trade in Animals and Animal Parts. In The Palgrave International Handbook of Animal Abuse Studies; Maher, J., Pierpoint, H., Beirne, P., Eds.; Palgrave Macmillan: London, UK, 2017; pp. 223–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harrington, L.A.; Auliya, M.; Eckman, H.; Harrington, A.P.; Macdonald, D.W.; D’Cruze, N. Live wild animal exports to supply the exotic pet trade: A case study from Togo using publicly available social media data. Conserv. Sci. Prac. 2021, 3, e430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Warwick, C.; Steedman, C. Wildlife-pet markets in a one-health context. Int. J. One Health 2021, 7, 42–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Douglas, F. Reducing Illegal Wildlife Trafficking-CITES and Caviar. Environ. Policy Law 2012, 42, 42–57. [Google Scholar]
- Munoz, M.A.C. The role of CITES in ensuring sustainable and legal trade in wild fauna and flora. In Handbook of Transnational Environmental Crime; Elliott, L., Schaedla, W.H., Eds.; Edward Elgar Publishing: Cheltenham, UK, 2016; pp. 433–443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sonricker Hansen, A.L.; Li, A.; Joly, D.; Mekaru, S.; Brownstein, J.S. Digital surveillance: A novel approach to monitoring the illegal wildlife trade. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e51156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mak, G.J.K.; Song, W. Transnational norms and governing illegal wildlife trade in China and Japan: Elephant ivory and related products under CITES. Camb. Rev. Int. Aff. 2018, 31, 373–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Outhwaite, W.; Brown, L. Eastward Bound: Analysis of Cites Listed Flora and Fauna Exports from Africa to East and Southeast Asia 2006 to 2015; TRAFFIC International: Cambridge, UK, 2018; Available online: www.traffic.org/publications/reports/eastward-bound/ (accessed on 13 June 2024).
- Herbig, J. The illegal reptile trade as a form of conservation crime: A South African criminological investigation. In Global Environmental Harm, 1st ed.; White, R., Ed.; Willan: London, UK, 2010; pp. 110–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Annecke, W.; Masubelele, M. A review of the impact of militarisation: The case of rhino poaching in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Conserv. Soc. 2016, 14, 195–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Warchol, G.L. The transnational illegal wildlife trade. Crim. Justice Stud. 2004, 17, 57–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goss, J.R.; Cumming, G.S. Networks of wildlife translocations in developing countries: An emerging conservation issue? Front. Ecol. Environ. 2013, 11, 243–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vall-llosera, M.; Cassey, P. Do you come from a land down under?’ Characteristics of the international trade in Australian endemic parrots. Biol. Conserv. 2017, 207, 38–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tamukai, K.; Une, Y.; Tominaga, A.; Suzuki, K.; Goka, K. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis prevalence and haplotypes in domestic and imported pet amphibians in Japan. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 2014, 109, 165–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Auliya, M.; Altherr, S.; Ariano-Sanchez, D.; Baard, E.H.; Brown, C.; Brown, R.M.; Cantu, J.C.; Gentile, G.; Gildenhuys, P.; Henningheim, E.; et al. Trade in live reptiles, its impact on wild populations, and the role of the European market. Biol. Conserv. 2016, 204, 103–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Measey, J.; Robinson, T.B.; Kruger, N.; Zengeya, T.A.; Hurley, B.P. South Africa as a Donor of Alien Animals. In Biological Invasions in South Africa; Van Wilgen, B., Measey, J., Richardson, D., Wilson, J., Zengeya, T., Eds.; Springer Nature: Cham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 787–830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, D.T.C.; Poon, E.S.K.; Wong, A.T.C.; Sin, S.Y.W. Global trade in parrots–Influential factors of trade and implications for conservation. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 2021, 30, e01784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shivambu, N.; Shivambu, T.C.; Downs, C.T. Non-native small mammal species in the South African pet trade. Manag. Biol. Invasions 2021, 12, 294–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Q.; Shi, J.; Shen, X.; Zhao, T. Characteristics and patterns of international trade in CITES-listed live birds in China from 2010 to 2019. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 2021, 30, e01786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aloysius, S.L.M.; Yong, D.L.; Lee, J.G.; Jain, A. Flying into extinction: Understanding the role of Singapore’s international parrot trade in growing domestic demand. Bird Conserv. Int. 2020, 30, 139–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Can, Ö.E.; D’Cruze, N.; Macdonald, D.W. Dealing in deadly pathogens: Taking stock of the legal trade in live wildlife and potential risks to human health. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 2019, 17, e00515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farquharson, K.A.; Hogg, C.J.; Grueber, C.E. A meta-analysis of birth-origin effects on reproduction in diverse captive environments. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 1055. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria, 2024; Available online: http://www.R-project.org/ (accessed on 10 May 2024).
- Nelufule, T.; Robertson, M.P.; Wilson, J.R.; Faulkner, K.T.; Sole, C.; Kumschick, S. The threats posed by the pet trade in alien terrestrial invertebrates in South Africa. J. Nat. Conserv. 2020, 55, 125831. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shivambu, T.C.; Shivambu, N.; Lyle, R.; Kumschick, S.; Foord, S.H.; Robertson, M.P.; Jacobs, A. Tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) in the pet trade in South Africa. Afr. Zool. 2020, 55, 323–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shivambu, N.; Shivambu, T.C.; Downs, C.T. Survey of non-native small mammals traded in South Africa. Afr. J. Ecol. 2022, 60, 456–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shivambu, T.C.; Shivambu, N.; Nelufule, T.; Moshobane, M.C.; Seoraj-Pillai, N.; Nangammbi, T.C. Evaluating the Status of Lost, Found and Sighted Non-Native Pet Bird Species in South Africa. Diversity 2024, 16, 283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wyatt, T. Canada and the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora (CITES): Lessons learned on implementation and compliance. Liverp. Law Rev. 2021, 42, 143–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ramadanti, N.A.; Tahamata, L.C.O.; Leatemia, W. Perdagangan Satwa Liar Ditinjau Dari Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flaura. TATOHI J. Ilmu Huk. 2023, 3, 385–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tella, J.L.; Hiraldo, F. Illegal and legal parrot trade shows a long-term, cross-cultural preference for the most attractive species increasing their risk of extinction. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e107546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abbott, D.H.; Barnett, D.K.; Colman, R.J.; Yamamoto, M.E.; Schultz-Darken, N.J. Aspects of common marmoset basic biology and life history important for biomedical research. Comp. Med. 2003, 53, 339–350. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Phillips, K.A.; Bales, K.L.; Capitanio, J.P.; Conley, A.; Czoty, P.W.; Hart, B.A.; Hopkins, W.D.; Hu, S.L.; Miller, L.A.; Nader, M.A.; et al. Why primate models matter. Am. J. Primatol. 2014, 76, 801–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dajčman, U.; Hofmeyr, M.D.; Anunciação, P.R.; Ihlow, F.; Vamberger, M. Tortoise forensics: Conservation genetics of the leopard tortoise Stigmochelys pardalis in southern Africa. Salamandra 2021, 57, 139–145. [Google Scholar]
- Altherr, S.; Lameter, K. The rush for the rare: Reptiles and amphibians in the European pet trade. Animals 2020, 10, 2085. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pratt, E.N.; Lockwood, J.L.; King, E.G.; Pienaar, E.F. Identifying inconsistencies in exotic pet regulations that perpetuate trade in risky species. Conserv. Biol. 2024, 38, e14189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Natusch, D.J.; Lyons, J.A. Exploited for pets: The harvest and trade of amphibians and reptiles from Indonesian New Guinea. Biodivers. Conserv. 2012, 21, 2899–2911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Class | Near Threatened | Vulnerable | Endangered | Critically Endangered |
---|---|---|---|---|
Birds | 12 | 17 | 16 | 5 |
Mammals | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
Reptiles | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
Other | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Shivambu, N.; Shivambu, T.C.; Nelufule, T.; Moshobane, M.C.; Seoraj-Pillai, N.; Nangammbi, T.C. South Africa as a Donor of Its Native and Exotic Species to the International Pet Trade. Sustainability 2024, 16, 8828. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16208828
Shivambu N, Shivambu TC, Nelufule T, Moshobane MC, Seoraj-Pillai N, Nangammbi TC. South Africa as a Donor of Its Native and Exotic Species to the International Pet Trade. Sustainability. 2024; 16(20):8828. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16208828
Chicago/Turabian StyleShivambu, Ndivhuwo, Tinyiko Cavin Shivambu, Takalani Nelufule, Moleseng Claude Moshobane, Nimmi Seoraj-Pillai, and Tshifhiwa Constance Nangammbi. 2024. "South Africa as a Donor of Its Native and Exotic Species to the International Pet Trade" Sustainability 16, no. 20: 8828. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16208828
APA StyleShivambu, N., Shivambu, T. C., Nelufule, T., Moshobane, M. C., Seoraj-Pillai, N., & Nangammbi, T. C. (2024). South Africa as a Donor of Its Native and Exotic Species to the International Pet Trade. Sustainability, 16(20), 8828. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16208828