New Urea Controlled-Release Fertilizers Based on Bentonite and Carnauba Wax
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of the Sodium-Modified Bentonite
2.3. Materials Characterization
2.4. Synthesis of the Urea Controlled-Release Fertilizers
2.4.1. Mechanochemical Method
2.4.2. Dip-Coating Method
2.5. Soil Column Tests
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of Clays
3.2. Cumulative Urea Release Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nomenclature | Compositions (wt%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Urea | Bent-R | Bent-Na | |
U | 100% | - | - |
M1 | 50% | 50% | - |
M2 | 67% | 33% | - |
M3 | 80% | 20% | - |
MNa1 | 50% | - | 50% |
MNa2 | 67% | - | 33% |
MNa3 | 80% | - | 20% |
Nomenclature | Compositions (wt%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Urea | Bent-R | Bent-Na | CW | |
UC | Urea bars | 100% | ||
UCB10 | 10% | 90% | ||
UCB40 | 40% | 60% | ||
UCB50 | 50% | 50% | ||
UCB60 | 60% | 40% | ||
UCBNa10 | 10% | 90% | ||
UCBNa40 | 40% | 60% | ||
UCBNa50 | 50% | 50% | ||
UCBNa60 | 60% | 40% |
Samples | SiO2 | Al2O3 | F2O3 | CaO | Na2O | MgO | K2O | Other | FL 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bent-R | 47.4% | 15.3% | 9.2% | 3.2% | ND | 2.3% | 0.5% | 1.4% | 20.6% |
Bent-Na | 48.6% | 15.5% | 10.1% | 3.3% | 1.5% | 2.3% | 0.5% | 1.5% | 16.7% |
Dip-Coating | Mechanochemical | ||
---|---|---|---|
UC | indeterminate | U | 12 |
UCB10 | 39.5 | M1 | 18 |
UCB40 | 35 * | M2 | 18 |
UCB50 | 30 | M3 | 18 |
UCB60 | 20 | MNa1 | 15 |
UCBNa10 | 33 * | MNa2 | 15 |
UCBNa40 | 51 * | MNa3 | 15 |
UCBNa50 | 46 * | - | - |
UCBNa60 | 41 * | - | - |
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Neto, J.F.D.; Fernandes, J.V.; Rodrigues, A.M.; Menezes, R.R.; Neves, G.d.A. New Urea Controlled-Release Fertilizers Based on Bentonite and Carnauba Wax. Sustainability 2023, 15, 6002. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076002
Neto JFD, Fernandes JV, Rodrigues AM, Menezes RR, Neves GdA. New Urea Controlled-Release Fertilizers Based on Bentonite and Carnauba Wax. Sustainability. 2023; 15(7):6002. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076002
Chicago/Turabian StyleNeto, João Fernandes Duarte, Jucielle Veras Fernandes, Alisson Mendes Rodrigues, Romualdo Rodrigues Menezes, and Gelmires de Araújo Neves. 2023. "New Urea Controlled-Release Fertilizers Based on Bentonite and Carnauba Wax" Sustainability 15, no. 7: 6002. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076002