Minimising Coal Mining’s Impact on Biodiversity: Artificial Soils for Post-Mining Land Reclamation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Coal By-Product and Waste Materials
2.2. Formulation of Soil Substitute Covers
2.3. Study Area
2.4. Analytical Procedures
2.5. Seed Mixture of Meadow Habitats
2.6. Assessment of Developed Vegetation and Inventory of Plant Species
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physicochemical Properties of Soil Substitute Covers
3.2. Assessment of Developed Method for Reclamation of the Study Area
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | CCBs | Wastes [5] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ES | DL [5] | AG | SL | CM | |
pH | 9.8 | 9.6 | 7.50 | 8.0 | 7.1 |
EC (mS·cm−1) | 0.35 | 1.57 | 0.50 | 0.90 | 7.76 |
OM (%) | 4.38 | 7.02 | 15.9 | 35.6 | 60.4 |
Ca (%) | 2.74 | 32.0 | 0.43 | 0.34 | 8.22 |
N (%) | <0.15 | 0.32 | 0.18 | 0.40 | 2.36 |
K (%) | 2.14 | 0.04 | 2.32 | 1.69 | 1.03 |
Mg (%) | 1.69 | 5.44 | 0.24 | 0.57 | 0.42 |
P (%) | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.78 |
Na (%) | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.13 |
S (%) | 0.32 | 0.24 | 3.95 | 0.63 | 1.97 |
Cd (mg·kg−1) | 1 | <1 | 4 | <1 | <1 |
Cr (mg·kg−1) | 53 | 1 | 22 | 76 | 7 |
Cu (mg·kg−1) | 46 | 3 | 85 | 31 | 29 |
Ni (mg·kg−1) | 47 | 9 | 26 | 33 | 7 |
Pb (mg·kg−1) | 3 | 4 | 213 | 53 | 2 |
Zn (mg·kg−1) | 22 | 36 | 1281 | 141 | 183 |
Type of Meadow Habitats | Producer | Species Composition |
---|---|---|
Dry meadow | Apitec, Niedzwiada, Poland | Anthemis arvensis, Anthemis tinctoria, Betonica officinalis, Bromus erectus, Centaurea cyanus, Centaurea scabiosa, Cichorium intybus, Echium vulgare, Hypochoeris radicata, Knautia arnvensis, Lotus corniculatus, Salvia pratensis, Securigera varia, Verbascum nigrum, Vicia grandiflora, Dactylis glomerata |
Mesic meadow | Kado s.c., Pszczyna, Poland | Achillea millefolium, Alopecurus pratensis, Chamomilla suaveolens, Crepis biennis, Daucus carota, Festuca arundinacea, Festuca rubra Leucanthemum vulgare, Lolium perenne, Lotus corniculatus, Melandrium album, Plantago lanceolate, Plantago media, Poa pratensis, Sanguisorba minor, Tragopogon pratensis, Trisetum flavescens |
Parameter | Unit | Soil Substitutes Cover A | Soil Substitutes Cover B | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | ||
pH | 8.1 | 7.67 | 7.50 | 8.0 | 7.70 | 7.40 | |
EC | mS·cm−1 | 6.94 | 2.92 | 0.70 | 6.6 | 2.60 | 1.03 |
OM | % | 23.05 | 23.54 | 20.14 | 22.95 | 25.34 | 20.48 |
Ca | % | 6.33 | 3.73 | 3.50 | 5.88 | 3.77 | 4.17 |
K | % | 1.86 | 1.82 | 1.72 | 1.86 | 1.73 | 1.72 |
Mg | % | 1.11 | 0.65 | 0.75 | 1.08 | 0.61 | 0.61 |
Na | % | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.08 |
Nt | % | 0.60 | 0.54 | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.37 |
Pt | % | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
St | % | 3.46 | 2.41 | 2.00 | 3.41 | 2.00 | 1.92 |
AWC | % | 88.88 | 78.22 |
Type of Meadow Habitats | Species | Experimental Plots | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1A | 2A | 3A | 4A | 5A | 6A | 1B | 2B | 3B | 4B | 5B | 6B | ||
Dry meadow | Anthemis arvensis | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | |||||
Anthemis tinctoria | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | |||
Betonica officinalis | |||||||||||||
Bromus erectus | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | ||||||
Centaurea cyanus | v | v | v | ||||||||||
Centaurea scabiosa | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | |||||
Cichorium intybus | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | |||||
Echium vulgare | v | v | |||||||||||
Hypochoeris radicata | |||||||||||||
Knautia arnvensis | v | ||||||||||||
Lotus corniculatus | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | ||||||
Salvia pratensis | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | ||||||
Securigera varia | |||||||||||||
Verbascum nigrum | v | ||||||||||||
Vicia grandiflora | |||||||||||||
Dactylis glomerata | v | v | v | v | |||||||||
Mesic meadow | Achillea millefolium | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v |
Alopecurus pratensis | |||||||||||||
Chamomilla suaveolens | v | v | v | v | v | ||||||||
Crepis biennis | v | v | v | v | v | v | |||||||
Daucus carota | v | v | v | ||||||||||
Festuca arundinacea | v | v | v | v | |||||||||
Festuca rubra | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | |||||
Leucanthemum vulgare | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | ||||
Lolium perenne | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | ||
Melandrium album | v | v | v | v | |||||||||
Plantago lanceolata | v | v | v | v | v | ||||||||
Plantago media | |||||||||||||
Poa pratensis | v | v | v | v | v | v | v | ||||||
Sanguisorba minor | |||||||||||||
Tragopogon pratensis | |||||||||||||
Trisetum flavescens |
Parameter | EC | TIME | OM | AWC | Pt | Ca |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Axis 1 | 0.67 | −0.69 | 0.70 | 0.08 | 0.16 | −0.34 |
Axis 2 | 0.01 | −0.05 | 0.18 | −0.38 | −0.36 | 0.22 |
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Więckol-Ryk, A.; Pierzchała, Ł.; Bauerek, A.; Krzemień, A. Minimising Coal Mining’s Impact on Biodiversity: Artificial Soils for Post-Mining Land Reclamation. Sustainability 2023, 15, 9707. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129707
Więckol-Ryk A, Pierzchała Ł, Bauerek A, Krzemień A. Minimising Coal Mining’s Impact on Biodiversity: Artificial Soils for Post-Mining Land Reclamation. Sustainability. 2023; 15(12):9707. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129707
Chicago/Turabian StyleWięckol-Ryk, Angelika, Łukasz Pierzchała, Arkadiusz Bauerek, and Alicja Krzemień. 2023. "Minimising Coal Mining’s Impact on Biodiversity: Artificial Soils for Post-Mining Land Reclamation" Sustainability 15, no. 12: 9707. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129707