Environmental Assessment of an Innovative High-Performance Experimental Agriculture Field
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodological Approach
2.1. Goal and Scope Definition
2.1.1. Objectives and Functional Unit
2.1.2. System Description and Boundaries
2.2. Life Cycle Inventory
2.2.1. Mulching Membrane FPO/TPO
- -
- Material: “Fleece, polyethylene RER, production, Alloc Def, U”;
- -
- Process: “Electricity, low voltage IT, market for, Alloc Def, U”;
- -
- Process: “Transport, freight, lorry 16–32 metric ton, EURO3 GLO, market for, Alloc Def, U (420 km Ponte di Piave—Perugia [39])”.
2.2.2. Water Source
2.2.3. Pumping System
- -
- Material: “Cast-iron GLO, market for, Alloc Def, U”;
- -
- Material: “Cable, three-conductor cable GLO, market for, Alloc Def, U”.
- -
- Process: “Electricity, low-voltage IT, market for, Alloc Def, U”.
2.2.4. Drip Irrigation
- -
- Material: “Polyethylene, linear low density, granulate RER, production, Alloc Def, U”;
- -
- Process: “Extrusion, plastic pipes RER, production, Alloc Def, U”.
- -
- Material: “Polyethylene, linear low density, granulate RER, production, Alloc Def, U”;
- -
- Process: “Extrusion, plastic pipes RER, production, Alloc Def, U”.
- -
- Material: “Polyethylene, linear low density, granulate RER, production, Alloc Def, U”;
- -
- Process: “Extrusion, plastic pipes RER, production, Alloc Def, U”.
2.2.5. Drainage
- -
- Material: “Polyvinylchloride, bulk polymerised RER, polyvinylchloride production, Alloc Def, U”;
- -
- Material: “Bitumen adhesive compound, hot RER, production, Alloc Def, U”;
- -
- Material: “Limestone, crushed, washed GLO, market for, Alloc Def, U”.
2.2.6. System Controls
- -
- Material: “Polypropylene, granulate GLO, market for, Alloc Def, U”;
- -
- Process: “Injection-moulding RER, processing, Alloc Def, U”.
- -
- Material: “Polyethylene pipe, corrugated, DN 75 RER, production, Alloc Def, U”;
- -
- Material: “Cable, data cable in infrastructure GLO, market for, Alloc Def, U”;
- -
- Material: “Battery cell, Li-ion RoW, production, Alloc Def, U”;
- -
- Material: “Control units RER, production, Alloc Def, U”.
2.2.7. Tomatoes
2.3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment
3. Results
3.1. One Year Life Cycle—Global Warming Potential Gases
3.2. One Year Life Cycle—Other CML Indicators
3.3. Thirty Year Life Cycle—Global Warming Potential Gases
3.4. Thirty-Year Life Cycle—Other CML Indicators
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CIRIAF | Interuniversity Research Centre for Pollution and Environment—Mauro Felli |
CML | Centrum voor Milieukunde |
EI | Environmental impacts |
F1 | Field 1 |
F2 | Field 2 |
GHG | Greenhouse gases |
GLO | Global |
GWP | Global warming potential |
LCA | Life cycle assessment |
MDPI | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
PE | Polyethylene |
PVC | Polyvinyl chloride |
RER | Europe |
RoW | Rest of the world |
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Inputs | Alloc | (%) | Lifespan | Field 1 | Field 2 | Field 1 | Field 2 |
n LC | 1 Year | n LC | 30 Years | ||||
Connection parts (PVC) | 83 | 17 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
Mulch FPO/TPO | 100 | - | 30 [37] | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Drip irrigation (PE) | 83 | 17 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 6 |
Drainage | 83 | 17 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
Logic system | 83 | 17 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
Logic system cables | 83 | 17 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Pressure system | 83 | 17 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
Pumping system | 83 | 17 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Tomato | 83 | 17 | 1 [38] | 1 | 1 | 30 | 30 |
Water storage | 83 | 17 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
Outputs (yield, kg) | Field 1 | Field 2 | Field 1 | Field 2 | |||
821 | 113 | 24,630 | 3390 |
Connection PVC | Materials | Unit | |
Polyvinylchloride production, bulk polymerisation (EU) | 2.22 | kg | |
Bitumen adhesive compound, hot (EU), production | 4.45 × 10 | kg | |
Limestone, crushed, washed (GLO) market | 0.12 | kg | |
Processes | |||
Extrusion, plastic pipes (EU), production | 2.34 | kg | |
Transport, freight, light commercial vehicle (GLO) market | 0.03 | tkm | |
Transport, freight, lorry > 32 metric ton, EURO4 (GLO) market | 0.60 | tkm | |
Drainage | Materials | ||
Polyvinylchloride production, bulk polymerisation (EU), Alloc Def, U | 7.04 | kg | |
Bitumen adhesive compound, hot (EU), production | 0.01 | kg | |
Limestone, crushed, washed (GLO) market | 0.38 | kg | |
Concrete, normal (GLO) market | 0.37 | m | |
Cast iron (GLO) market | 220.00 | kg | |
Processes | |||
Extrusion, plastic pipes (EU), production | 7.43 | kg | |
Transport, freight, light commercial vehicle (GLO) market | 0.09 | tkm | |
Transport, freight, lorry > 32 metric ton, EURO4 (GLO) market | 1.89 | tkm | |
Drip irrigation | Materials | ||
Polyethylene, linear low density, granulate (EU), production | 6.63 | kg | |
Polyethylene, linear low density, granulate (EU), production | 31.98 | kg | |
Processes | |||
Extrusion, plastic pipes (EU), production | 6.63 | kg | |
Extrusion, plastic pipes (EU), production | 31.98 | kg | |
Transport, freight, light commercial vehicle (GLO) market for | 0.46 | tkm | |
Transport, freight, lorry > 32 metric ton, EURO4 (GLO) market | 9.85 | tkm | |
Logic system | Materials | ||
Electronics, for control units (EU), production | 4.52 | kg | |
Polypropylene, granulate (GLO) market for | 16.00 | kg | |
Battery cell, Li-ion (GLO) market for | 0.15 | kg | |
Processes | |||
Injection moulding (EU), processing | 16.00 | kg | |
Transport, freight, lorry, unspecified (GLO) market for | 4.52 | tkm | |
Logic cables | Materials | ||
Polyethylene pipe, corrugated, DN 75 (GLO) market for | 21.00 | m | |
Cable, data cable in infrastructure (GLO) market for | 21.00 | m | |
Cable, three-conductor cable (GLO) market for | 21.00 | m | |
Mulch FPO/TPO | Materials | ||
Fleece, polyethylene (EU), production | 209.10 | kg | |
Processes | |||
Electricity, low voltage (IT) market for | 2.34 | kWh | |
Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO3 (GLO) market for, Alloc Rec, U | 88.20 | tkm | |
Pressure system | Materials | ||
Steel, low-alloyed (GLO) market for | 9.00 | kg | |
Cast-iron (GLO) market for | 1.30 | kg | |
Pumping System | Materials | ||
Cast-iron (GLO) market for | 10.00 | kg | |
Cable, three-conductor cable (GLO) market for | 19.00 | m | |
Tomato | Materials | ||
Nitrogen fertiliser, as N (GLO) market for | 0.40 | kg | |
Tomato seeding | 168.00 | p | |
Glyphosate (GLO) market for | 0.70 | kg | |
Phosphate fertiliser, as P2O5 (GLO) market for | 0.20 | kg | |
Potassium fertiliser, as K2O (GLO) market for | 0.60 | kg | |
Polyethylene, high density, granulate (GLO) market for | 2.40 × 10 | kg | |
Processes | |||
Electricity, low voltage (IT) market for | 0.33 | kWh | |
Transport, passenger car, large size, diesel, EURO 4 (GLO) market for | 15.00 | km | |
Transport, passenger car, large size, diesel, EURO 4 (GLO) market for | 10.00 | km | |
Blow moulding (GLO) market for | 2.40 × 10 | kg | |
Tomato seeding | Materials | ||
Tap water (EU without Switzerland) market for | 0.75 | kg | |
Peat moss (GLO) market for | 3.00 × 10 | m | |
Processes | |||
Electricity, low voltage (IT) market for | 237.00 | Wh | |
Water Storage | Materials | ||
Polyethylene, high density, granulate (GLO) market for | 290.00 | kg | |
Injection-moulding (EU), processing | 290.00 | kg |
Emissions kg CO2 eq | Total | /m2 | Contribution | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Field 1 | Field 2 | Field 1 | Field 2 | Field 1 | Field 2 | |
Connection parts (PVC) | 4.61 | 0.92 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0% | 0% |
Mulch FPO/TPO | 574.18 | - | 5.74 | - | 25% | - |
Drip irrigation (PE) | 72.58 | 14.52 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 3% | 4% |
Drainage + concrete | 509.25 | 101.85 | 5.09 | 5.09 | 22% | 29% |
Logic system | 145.53 | 29.11 | 1.46 | 1.46 | 6% | 8% |
Logic system cables | 99.86 | 19.97 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 4% | 6% |
Pressure system | 15.98 | 3.20 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 1% | 1% |
Pumping system | 87.51 | 17.50 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 4% | 5% |
Tomato | 46.02 | 9.20 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 2% | 3% |
Water storage system | 774.13 | 154.83 | 7.74 | 7.74 | 33% | 44% |
1 year | 2329.65 | 351.09 | 23.30 | 17.55 | 100% | 100% |
Emissions kg CO2 eq | Total | /m2 | Contribution | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Field 1 | Field 2 | Field 1 | Field 2 | Field 1 | Field 2 | |
Connection parts (PVC) | 13.84 | 2.77 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0% | 0% |
Mulch FPO/TPO | 574.18 | - | 5.74 | - | 8% | - |
Drip irrigation (PE) | 435.48 | 87.12 | 4.35 | 4.36 | 6% | 7% |
Drainage + concrete | 1527.68 | 305.61 | 15.28 | 15.28 | 21% | 23% |
Logic system | 436.57 | 87.33 | 4.37 | 4.37 | 6% | 7% |
Logic system cables | 199.72 | 39.95 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 3% | 3% |
Pressure system | 47.93 | 9.59 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 1% | 1% |
Pumping system | 175.01 | 35.01 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 2% | 3% |
Tomato | 1380.56 | 276.18 | 13.81 | 13.81 | 19% | 21% |
Water storage system | 2322.29 | 464.57 | 23.22 | 23.23 | 33% | 36% |
30 years | 7113.25 | 1308.13 | 71.13 | 65.41 | 100% | 100% |
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Frota de Albuquerque Landi, F.; Fabiani, C.; Pisello, A.L.; Petrozzi, A.; Milone, D.; Cotana, F. Environmental Assessment of an Innovative High-Performance Experimental Agriculture Field. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10462. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710462
Frota de Albuquerque Landi F, Fabiani C, Pisello AL, Petrozzi A, Milone D, Cotana F. Environmental Assessment of an Innovative High-Performance Experimental Agriculture Field. Sustainability. 2022; 14(17):10462. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710462
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrota de Albuquerque Landi, Fabiana, Claudia Fabiani, Anna Laura Pisello, Alessandro Petrozzi, Daniele Milone, and Franco Cotana. 2022. "Environmental Assessment of an Innovative High-Performance Experimental Agriculture Field" Sustainability 14, no. 17: 10462. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710462