A Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Short-Term Traffic Flow Pre-Diction Considering Spatiotemporal Features
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Time dependence: the traffic flow at a given moment is usually correlated with various historical values [6]. One example is that a traffic jam on a road will inevitably affect its flow during commuters’ “rush” hours. As shown in Figure 1, the traffic flow of a road can be predicted based on its own recent flow and periodic flow.
- (2)
- Spatial dependence: the traffic condition of one road is affected by its adjacent roads or even indirectly connected roads. We can see from Figure 2 that the change in traffic flow is dominated by the topological structure of the traffic network. The traffic statuses of adjacent roads influence one another.
- (a)
- We study the traffic flow prediction problem under intelligent transportation and propose a novel hybrid deep-learning-based traffic flow prediction model to provide information and decision support for solving road congestion, thus helping the sustainable development of the city;
- (b)
- Aiming at the complex situation of traffic in the city, our proposed model uses GCN and Bi-LSTM to model the spatiotemporal dependence and periodicity of traffic data. Moreover, we design an attention layer for each component to make the proposed model focus on the information considered meaningful to the prediction result, sidelining auxiliary information;
- (c)
- The experimental results on a real-world traffic dataset indicate that our model has better prediction performance than those developed previously.
2. Related Work
3. Methodology
3.1. Problem Formulation
3.2. Overview of the Proposed Model
3.3. Graph Convolutional Network for Spatial Dependence Modeling
3.4. Bi-Directional LSTM for Temporal Dependence Modeling
3.5. Attention Mechanism
3.6. Output Layer
4. Performance Evaluation
4.1. Dataset Description and Preprocessing
4.2. Index of Performance
4.3. Experiment Result
- (1)
- SVR: support vector regression;
- (2)
- LSTM: long short-term memory networks;
- (3)
- GCN: graph convolution network;
- (4)
- STGCN [31]: spatiotemporal graph convolution model, using ChebNet and a temporal convolution network to capture spatial and temporal dependencies;
- (5)
- ASTGCN [41]: attention-based spatiotemporal graph convolutional networks, using three of the same modules to model periodicity characteristics of traffic data, where each module contains several spatiotemporal blocks designed to capture spatial and temporal dependencies.
4.4. Component Analysis
- (1)
- Base model: we do not remove any modules from the proposed model;
- (2)
- Without GCN: we remove the graph convolution operation to evaluate the ability to extract spatial features with the proposed model;
- (3)
- Without attention: this model is made without any attention mechanism;
- (4)
- Without day or week modules: we remove the daily and weekly components to evaluate the ability to extract periodicity features with the proposed model.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dataset | Nodes | Edges | Length of Dataset | Time Range | Number of Features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PeMS04 | 307 | 340 | 16,992 | 1 January 2018 to 28 February 2018. | traffic flow average occupancy average speed |
Model | Dataset | PeMS04 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Metrics | MAE | MAPE (%) | RMSE | |
SVR | 28.96 | 19.23 | 45.21 | |
LSTM | 27.54 | 18.96 | 42.54 | |
GCN | 25.06 | 17.04 | 38.67 | |
STGCN | 22.83 | 14.62 | 35.79 | |
ASTGCN | 21.94 | 14.23 | 32.76 | |
Our Model | 20.00 | 13.95 | 32.41 |
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Zhou, S.; Wei, C.; Song, C.; Fu, Y.; Luo, R.; Chang, W.; Yang, L. A Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Short-Term Traffic Flow Pre-Diction Considering Spatiotemporal Features. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10039. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610039
Zhou S, Wei C, Song C, Fu Y, Luo R, Chang W, Yang L. A Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Short-Term Traffic Flow Pre-Diction Considering Spatiotemporal Features. Sustainability. 2022; 14(16):10039. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610039
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Shenghan, Chaofan Wei, Chaofei Song, Yu Fu, Rui Luo, Wenbing Chang, and Linchao Yang. 2022. "A Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Short-Term Traffic Flow Pre-Diction Considering Spatiotemporal Features" Sustainability 14, no. 16: 10039. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610039