Renewable Heat Policy in China: Development, Achievement, and Effectiveness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Development of China’s Renewable Heat Policy
3.1. Architecture of Renewable Heat Policies in China
3.2. The Development of Renewable Heating in China
- Stage 1: driven by household demand, from 2000 to 2013
- Stage 2: driven by air pollution issues, from 2013 to 2017
- Stage 3: driven by demand of higher air quality
- Stage 4: driven by ambitious climate change goals, 2021–
4. Evaluation of Renewable Heat Policy
4.1. The Instruments of Renewable Heat Policies
4.2. Evaluation of Policy Intensity
5. Conclusions and Suggestions
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Policy Suggestions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Renewable heating | Renewable energy source for heating |
IEA | International Energy Agency |
SC | State Council |
MEE | Ministry of Ecological Environment |
MOF | Ministry of Finance |
MOHURD | Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development |
NDRC | National Development and Reform Commission |
NEA | National Energy Administration |
MLR | Ministry of Land and Resource |
PII | policy intensity index |
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Indicator | Sub-Indicator | Score Rules |
---|---|---|
1. Issuance level | 1.1. Document type (P1) |
|
1.2. Coverage (P2) |
| |
1.3. Issuer level (P3) |
| |
2. Target level | 2.1. Refinement of targets (P4) |
|
2.2. Duration of targets(P5) |
|
Projection Period | Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3 | Stage 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
2000–2013 | 2013–2016 | 2017–2020 | 2021–Present | |
Key driver | Increasing demand for consumption | Air pollution issues | Clean heating program to achieve higher air quality | New climate change goals and the need for the energy transition |
Key policy | Renewable law, solar heating incentives, and compulsory standards | 12th and 13th five-year plans for renewable heating | Plan for clean heating in Northern China (2017–2021) | Notice on implementing renewable heat according to local conditions |
Policy goals | No specific goals for renewable heating | Quantitative goals: substitution of coal achieving 100 million by the end of 2015 and 400 million m2 for solar heating 580 million m2 | Quantitative goals: one billion square meters of geothermal, 2.1 billion square meters of biomass, and 50 million square meters of solar energy | Quantitative goals: the scale of geothermal heating, biomass heating, biomass fuels, solar thermal utilization, and other non-electric utilization reached 60 million tons of standard coal by the end of 2025 |
Role of renewable heating at the policy level | A supplement to energy use especially in household | A supplement when coal is replaced | One of the main sources of clean heating supply | Imperative solution for climate change goals |
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Xiong, C.; Hassan, M.S. Renewable Heat Policy in China: Development, Achievement, and Effectiveness. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9297. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159297
Xiong C, Hassan MS. Renewable Heat Policy in China: Development, Achievement, and Effectiveness. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):9297. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159297
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiong, Chengcheng, and Mohd Sayuti Hassan. 2022. "Renewable Heat Policy in China: Development, Achievement, and Effectiveness" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 9297. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159297